[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-56180-en":3,"doc-seo-56180-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},56180,3848291630094,"Emma Wilson","https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45",8,"Research & Report","Cyber Crimes","Cyber crimes create everyday risks for anyone engaged in online activities, covering illegal access to systems, interception or acquisition of computer data, interference with computer systems or data, misuse-tool production or possession, and violations of privacy or data protection. Offences also include computer-related fraud and forgery, identity crimes, copyright or trademark violations, spam sending or control, acts causing personal harm, and child pornography. The Council of Europe’s 2001 Budapest Convention supports suppression through national legislation and international legal cooperation.","Chapter 7  \nCyber Crimes  \nAbstract Cyber crimes pose everyday threats to anyone anywhere who is engaged in cyber activities. They include illegal access to a computer system; illegal access, interception or acquisition of computer data; illegal interference with a computer system or computer data; production, distribution or possession of computer misuse tools; and breach of privacy or data protection measures. Cyber crimes also encompass computer-related acts for personal or financial gain or harm consisting of computer-related fraud or forgery; computer-related identity offences; computerrelated copyright or trademark offences; sending or controlling sending of Spam; computer-related acts causing personal harm; and computer-related production, distribution or possession of child pornography. The Council of Europe’s 2001 Budapest Convention on Cybercrime is the only multilateral agreement in force on cyber crimes and may be used as a model for national legislation as well as international legal cooperation to suppress cyber crimes. US law on cyber crime is analyzed in detail as a case study on criminal prosecution of cyber crime at the national level. Theft of virtual currencies such as bitcoin and virtual items online can be a prosecutable offence of cyber theft. Yet, there is no established case law at either the national or international level whether “hacktivism”(i.e., the non-violent use of a cyber means for political objectives such as website defacement, DoS or DDoS attacks, virtual sit-ins, or virtual sabotage) is an exercise of the freedom of expression and, as such, is not to be punished as a cyber crime.  \nKeywords Budapest Convention on Cybercrime • Cyber crime offences and punishment • Cyber theft of bitcoins and virtual items online • US Computer Fraud and Abuse Act • International legal cooperation to suppress cyber crimes  \n7.1 Cyber Crimes: The Challenges  \nA cyber crime is the commission of criminal offences in cyberspace, by cyber means or by informational technology, against cyber infrastructure such as computer systems or contents therein.1 For example, under US law cyber crimes are  \n1 Cf. the definition of a cyber crime as “any conduct that involves the use of a computer or other device in the commission of a crime” in George Curtis, The Law of Cybercrimes and Their  \n© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 263  \nK. Kittichaisaree, Public International Law of Cyberspace, Law, Governance and Technology Series 32, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54657-5_7  \n264 7 Cyber Crimes  \nprosecuted as computer-related offences like fraud and related activities in connection with computers (18 U.S.C. §1030) and fraud and related activities in connection with electronic mail (18 U.S.C. §1037) .2  \nThe UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has identified 14 acts that generally constitute cybercrime offences in most nation States which have the relevant law on the matter, organized in three broad categories.  \nFirstly, acts against the confidentiality, integrity and availability of computer data or systems comprise illegal access to a computer system; illegal access, interception or acquisition of computer data; illegal interference with a computer system or computer data; production, distribution or possession of computer misuse tools; and breach of privacy or data protection measures.  \nSecondly, computer-related acts for personal or financial gain or harm consist of computer-related fraud or forgery; computer-related identity offences; computerrelated copyright or trademark offences; sending or controlling sending of Spam; computer-related acts causing personal harm; and computer-related solicitation or“grooming” of children.  \nThirdly, computer contents-related acts are computer-related acts involving hate speech; computer-related production, distribution or possession of child pornography; and computer-related acts in support of terrorism offences.3  \nThe list is not exhaustive, as some States may criminalize c","cbCaircFzmRVb0ZA","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaircFzmRVb0ZA","pdf",348944,1,31,"English","en",105,"# Cyber Crimes: The Challenges\n## Scope and definition of cyber crime\n## UNODC: three categories of cybercrime acts\n## Cross-border and legal cooperation framework\n## Scale of victimization and losses","[{\"question\":\"What types of activities are covered by cyber crimes?\",\"answer\":\"Cyber crimes include illegal access to computer systems, interception or acquisition of computer data, interference with systems or data, misuse-tool production or possession, and breaches of privacy or data protection. They also cover fraud or forgery, identity offences, copyright or trademark offences, spam control, personal harm, and child pornography-related acts.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the UNODC categorize cybercrime offences?\",\"answer\":\"The UNODC identifies 14 acts that generally constitute cybercrime offences in most nations and groups them into three broad categories: acts against confidentiality, integrity and availability; acts for personal or financial gain or harm; and content-related acts supporting crimes such as hate speech, child pornography, and terrorism offences.\"},{\"question\":\"What legal framework helps suppress cyber crimes internationally?\",\"answer\":\"The Council of Europe’s 2001 Budapest Convention on Cybercrime is the only multilateral agreement in force on cyber crimes and can serve as a model for national legislation and international legal cooperation.\"}]",1783718167,78,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":27},"cyber-crimes","",{"@graph":35,"@context":85},[36,53,68],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,47,50],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":46},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cyber-crimes/56180/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":40,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-17","2026-07-10",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What types of activities are covered by cyber crimes?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Cyber crimes include illegal access to computer systems, interception or acquisition of computer data, interference with systems or data, misuse-tool production or possession, and breaches of privacy or data protection. They also cover fraud or forgery, identity offences, copyright or trademark offences, spam control, personal harm, and child pornography-related acts.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the UNODC categorize cybercrime offences?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"The UNODC identifies 14 acts that generally constitute cybercrime offences in most nations and groups them into three broad categories: acts against confidentiality, integrity and availability; acts for personal or financial gain or harm; and content-related acts supporting crimes such as hate speech, child pornography, and terrorism offences.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What legal framework helps suppress cyber crimes internationally?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The Council of Europe’s 2001 Budapest Convention on Cybercrime is the only multilateral agreement in force on cyber crimes and can serve as a model for national legislation and international legal cooperation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]