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The review summarizes melanoma incidence worldwide, outlines staging phases, and examines distinct melanoma types together with key risk factors. It synthesizes current therapeutic goals and pharmacological strategies, highlighting advances from targeted therapies while noting early resistance limits survival and progression-free periods. 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Cutaneous Melanoma: An Overview of Physiological and Therapeutic Aspects and Biotechnological Use of Serine Protease Inhibitors. Molecules 2024, 29, 3891. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/molecules29163891](10.3390/molecules29163891)  \nAcademic Editors: Giuseppina Ioeleand Fedora Grande  \nReceived: 4 July 2024  \nRevised: 11 August 2024  \nAccepted: 14 August 2024  \nPublished: 16 August 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Laboratory of Protein Purification and Their Biological Functions, Food Technology and Public Health Unit, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil;  \n[apboleti@gmail.com](apboleti@gmail.com) (A.P.D.A.B.); [anacristinaj@gmail.com](anacristinaj@gmail.com) (A.C.J.); [tamaehamonteiro@hotmail.com](tamaehamonteiro@hotmail.com) (T.M.-A.); [aninha12357@gmail.com](aninha12357@gmail.com) (A.P.R.P.)  \n2 Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil; [mlvoliva@unifesp.br](mlvoliva@unifesp.br)  \n3 Divisão de Ciências Fisiológicas e Químicas, Serviço de Bioquímica, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo 05585-000, SP, Brazil; [durvanei.maria@butantan.gov.br](durvanei.maria@butantan.gov.br)  \n4 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food, and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil  \n* Correspondence: [ligiamacedo18@gmail.com](ligiamacedo18@gmail.com)  \nAbstract: Background: Metastatic melanoma stands out as the most lethal form of skin cancer because of its high propensity to spread and its remarkable resistance to treatment methods. Methods: In this review article, we address the incidence of melanoma worldwide and its staging phases. We thoroughly investigate the different melanomas and their associated risk factors. In addition, we underscore the principal therapeutic goals and pharmacological methods that are currently used in the treatment of melanoma. Results: The implementation of targeted therapies has contributed to improving the approach to patients. However, because of the emergence of resistance early in treatment, overall survival and progression-free periods continue to be limited. Conclusions: We provide new insights into plant serine protease inhibitor therapeutics, supporting high-throughput drug screening soon, and seeking a complementary approach to explain crucial mechanisms associated with melanoma.  \nKeywords: skin cancer; etiology; staging; targeted therapy; proteolytic activity  \n1. Introduction  \nWith a high probability of metastasis, melanoma is recognized as the most common and aggressive malignant neoplasia among skin tumors [1,2] . Melanoma develops when melanocytes, which produce pigment, grow abnormally in the basal layer of the epidermis. Melanocytes have melanosomes with the following two types of pigments: pheomelanin (yellow/red) and eumelanin (brown/black) . Eumelanin is the primary photoprotective pigment in the skin, while pheomelanin generates reactive oxygen species under UV radiation, leading to DNA damage [3] .  \nMelanogenesis can be stimulated in a paracrine, autocrine, or intracrine manner. Themelanocyte-st","cbCaie8adRc3Wftf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaie8adRc3Wftf","pdf",4730326,28,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Melanocyte biology and pigmentation\n## Melanogenesis signaling pathways\n## Embryologic origin of melanocytes\n## Classification and growth phases of melanoma","[{\"question\":\"Why is metastatic melanoma considered particularly deadly?\",\"answer\":\"Metastatic melanoma is described as the most lethal form of skin cancer because of its high propensity to spread and its resistance to treatment methods.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the review characterize melanoma development and staging?\",\"answer\":\"The review addresses global incidence and staging phases, investigates different melanoma types, and discusses associated risk factors and therapeutic goals.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do targeted therapies play, and what limitation remains?\",\"answer\":\"Targeted therapies are reported to improve patient management, but early emergence of resistance limits overall survival and progression-free periods.\"}]","Cutaneous Melanoma - An Overview of Physiological and Therapeutic Aspects - Biotechnological Use of Serine Protease Inhibitors | PDF",1789992334,71]