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The study evaluates whether personalized outreach—delivering application status information and assistance for filing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) via text message—can mitigate these barriers. A multidistrict experiment shows that data-driven nudging improves FAFSA completion and college matriculation, and may lower harms from additional procedural requirements such as income verification.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/customized-nudging-to-improve-fafsa-completion-and-income-verification/602772/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/customized-nudging-to-improve-fafsa-completion-and-income-verification/602772.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"dabgoudw","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What barriers does the article address in relation to FAFSA and financial aid?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The article focuses on informational and behavioral barriers that hinder eligible students from completing the FAFSA and receiving need-based aid. It also highlights procedural complexities between submission and aid receipt, including income verification steps.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the proposed intervention work?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The intervention provides personalized information about FAFSA application status and offers application assistance, delivered via text message. It aims to reduce friction during FAFSA completion.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What outcomes does the study measure and what does it find?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study measures FAFSA completion and college matriculation, assessing impacts through a multidistrict experiment. The results indicate improvements in completion and matriculation, with potential reductions in negative consequences from additional procedural hurdles like income verification.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},602772,1792402878,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},3985747860484,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis March 2020, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 3–21 DOI: 10.3102/0162373719876916  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© 2019 AERA. [http://eepa.aera.net](http://eepa.aera.net)  \nCustomized Nudging to Improve FAFSA Completion and Income Verification  \nLindsay C. Page  \nUniversity of Pittsburgh  \nBenjamin L. Castleman  \nUniversity of Virginia  \nKatharine Meyer  \nBrown University  \nInformational and behavioral barriers hinder social benefit take-up. We investigate the impact of mitigating these barriers through providing personalized information on benefits application status and application assistance on filing the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA), the gateway to college financial aid. Through a multidistrict experiment, we assess the impact of this outreach, delivered via text message. This data-driven strategy improves FAFSA completion and college matriculation and potentially reduces the negative consequences of additional procedural hurdles such as FAFSA income verification, required of approximately one third of filers nationally.  \nKeywords: economics of education, policy, postsecondary education, experimental design  \nIntroduction  \nthe efficacy of public policies is often hindered by complicated application processes that make it difficult for people who are eligible for public benefits to access them. Hassles associated with applying for public benefits can impede impoverished families from accessing supplementary nutrition assistance for their children or from sending their children to high-quality schools within their school districts (Bertrand, Mullainathan, & Shafir, 2004; Hastings & Weinstein, 2008; Weixler, Valant, Bassok, Doromal, & Gerry, 2019). Acomplex array of choices and cumbersome enrollment processes can prevent working adults from maximizing their employer retirement contributions or healthcare benefits (Kling, Mullainathan, Shafir, Vermeulen, & Wrobel, 2012; Madrian & Shea, 2001), whereas low visibility can preclude individuals from pursuing preventive health measures or from saving financially (Karlan, McConnell, Mullainathan, & Zinman, 2010; Milkman,  \nBeshears, Choi, Laibson, & Madrian, 2012; Stockwell et al., 2012) .  \nNumerous studies demonstrate that the application of behavioral economics principles to make it easier for people to access beneficial programs and opportunities can lead to improved outcomes for individuals. these strategies range from changing defaults so that employees are automatically enrolled in an employer-match retirement program unless they actively opt out of participating, to using prompts and reminders to increase the share of adults who get flu vaccines or contribute to their savings accounts, to using positive social norms to reduce residential home energy use (Allcott, 2011; Karlan et al., 2010; Stockwell et al., 2012) . Behavioral science strategies to increase program participation have become increasingly integrated into public policy at various levels, including the federal government (Executive Office of the President, 2016) .  \nPage et al.  \nIn the context of postsecondary education, the federal and state governments allocate billions of dollars each year in the form of need-based financial aid to support low-income students to access and succeed in college. Rigorous research demonstrates that need-based aid can substantially increase the share of low-income students who enter and graduate from college (Castleman & Long, 2016; Dynarski, 2003; Kane, 2007; Page, Kehoe, Castleman, & Sahadewo, 2019; Page & Scott-Clayton, 2016; Scott-Clayton, 2011; Scott-Clayton & Zafar, 2016), yet each year hundreds of thousands of students who would qualify for financial aid do not complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) . Recent estimates suggest that college students leave upward of US$2 billion on the table in grant assis","cbCaisigbk7MjOVh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisigbk7MjOVh","pdf",405773,"English","# Introduction\n## Behavioral economics and policy implementation\n## Need-based aid and FAFSA barriers\n## Complexity, verification, and outreach approach","[{\"question\":\"What barriers does the article address in relation to FAFSA and financial aid?\",\"answer\":\"The article focuses on informational and behavioral barriers that hinder eligible students from completing the FAFSA and receiving need-based aid. It also highlights procedural complexities between submission and aid receipt, including income verification steps.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the proposed intervention work?\",\"answer\":\"The intervention provides personalized information about FAFSA application status and offers application assistance, delivered via text message. It aims to reduce friction during FAFSA completion.\"},{\"question\":\"What outcomes does the study measure and what does it find?\",\"answer\":\"The study measures FAFSA completion and college matriculation, assessing impacts through a multidistrict experiment. The results indicate improvements in completion and matriculation, with potential reductions in negative consequences from additional procedural hurdles like income verification.\"}]","Customized Nudging to Improve FAFSA Completion and Income Verification | PDF",1792095209,48]