[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-461453-105":59,"doc-detail-461453-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","current-trends-in-presbyopia-correction-a-comprehensive-review","Current Trends in Presbyopia Correction - A Comprehensive Review","","Presbyopia is a physiological condition and a major driver of reduced near visual acuity. Its high prevalence, social and economic burden, and the increasing lifespan make effective correction a central challenge in modern ophthalmology. Although many correction approaches exist, no technique reliably restores age-related accommodation loss with durable results and no adverse effects. This review summarizes presbyopia etiology and available correction methods, with emphasis on refractive surgery.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/current-trends-in-presbyopia-correction-a-comprehensive-review/461453/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/current-trends-in-presbyopia-correction-a-comprehensive-review/461453.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Muffet","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is presbyopia and why is it clinically important?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Presbyopia is a physiological age-related loss of near vision driven by decreased accommodation. It is widespread and contributes to decreased near visual acuity, quality of life, and productivity, making it a major public health and ophthalmology challenge.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"At what ages does presbyopia typically begin and how does it progress?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Presbyopia is typically observed around ages 40–45, with a tendency for earlier onset and higher frequency in women than in men. Accommodation amplitude decreases from about 13 D in adolescence to around 6 D at age 40 and about 2 D by age 50.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which correction approaches are emphasized in the review?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review covers existing methods for presbyopia correction, with particular emphasis on refractive surgery techniques. 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Szaflik 1,2,3 and Justyna Izdebska 1,2,3  \nAcademic Editor: Yoshihiro Takamura  \nReceived: 11 November 2025  \nRevised: 4 December 2025  \nAccepted: 23 December 2025  \nPublished: 27 December 2025  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Center of Ocular Microsurgery, Professor Jerzy Szaflik’s Clinic in Warsaw, 00-215 Warsaw, Poland  \n2 SPKSO Ophthalmic University Hospital in Warsaw, 03-709 Warsaw, Poland  \n3 Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland  \n4 Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland  \n* Correspondence: [ewelinatrojacka@gmail.com](ewelinatrojacka@gmail.com)  \nAbstract  \nPresbyopia is a physiological phenomenon and one of the leading factors contributing to decreased near visual acuity. The prevalence of presbyopia, its social and economic consequences and the prolongation of human life place the correction of presbyopia among the top challenges in modern ophthalmology. Despite the numerous methods currently available for correcting presbyopia, there is still no ideal technique that, by restoring the eye’s age-related loss of physiological accommodation, would provide long-term effectiveness without adverse effects. This article offers an overview of the existing knowledge on the etiology of presbyopia and the available methods of its correction, with particular emphasis on refractive surgery techniques.  \nKeywords: accommodation loss; presbyopia treatment; Presbyond; refractive lens exchange  \n1. Introduction  \nPresbyopia represents a progressive loss of near vision resulting from the age-related decrease in accommodation amplitude [1] .  \nIn adolescence, the human eye has an accommodation range of about 13 D, which decreases to around 6 D at the age of 40 and 2 D by the age of 50 [1] .  \nAccording to Donders’ curve, the rate of accommodation loss is about 0.25 D per year [1] . Thus, by the age of around 60, the average eye has only 1 D of accommodation left [1] .  \nThe onset of presbyopia is typically observed around the ages of 40–45, slightly more frequently and earlier in women than in men [2,3] .  \nEarlier onset of presbyopia has been observed in populations living in equatorial regions—Central and South America—likely due to increased lens degeneration caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of ultraviolet radiation [4–7] .  \nPresbyopia is widespread in society, affecting approximately 24% of the global population [8] . In 2015, presbyopia affected about 1.8 billion people across the world, with 826 million unable to obtain adequate optical correction [8] .  \nAccording to estimates, by 2030, the population of presbyopes will reach 2.1 billion, which is linked to the global increase in the projected life expectancy of societies [8] .  \nPresbyopia is a physiological phenomenon that occurs in every human being and develops in both emmetropic and ametropic eyes.  \nHyperopic individuals, even those with undiagnosed mild hyperopia, will experience presbyopic symptoms earlier than those without a refractive error [3,9] . In contrast, in myopic eyes, functional presbyopia becomes noticeable later than in emmetropic eyes [8,10] . In addition to the deterioration of near vision acuity, presbyopia symptoms also include nonspecific complaints such as double vision, tearing, eye fatigue and headaches [11] .  \nPresbyopia, a leading cause of near vision impairment, is a growing public health, social and economic problem worldwide [12] .  \nThe lack of access to adequate presbyopia correction is primarily a problem in developing countries [13,14] . Research shows that in these countries, presbyopia","cbCaieY32kN1ugob","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieY32kN1ugob","pdf",647102,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Methodology\n## Sources of Information and Databases Searched","[{\"question\":\"What is presbyopia and why is it clinically important?\",\"answer\":\"Presbyopia is a physiological age-related loss of near vision driven by decreased accommodation. It is widespread and contributes to decreased near visual acuity, quality of life, and productivity, making it a major public health and ophthalmology challenge.\"},{\"question\":\"At what ages does presbyopia typically begin and how does it progress?\",\"answer\":\"Presbyopia is typically observed around ages 40–45, with a tendency for earlier onset and higher frequency in women than in men. Accommodation amplitude decreases from about 13 D in adolescence to around 6 D at age 40 and about 2 D by age 50.\"},{\"question\":\"Which correction approaches are emphasized in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review covers existing methods for presbyopia correction, with particular emphasis on refractive surgery techniques. It also discusses optical, pharmacological, corneal, lens-based, and scleral approaches as part of a narrative review methodology.\"}]","Current Trends in Presbyopia Correction - A Comprehensive Review | PDF",1790761652,126]