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It highlights availability of facilities, clinical indications, and the breadth of research, noting a strong rise—especially in India. Prominent modalities include repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), showing encouraging efficacy with minimal side effects. Despite broader growth in neuromodulation research, evidence remains concentrated in India, suggesting substantial potential to reshape psychiatric care through future integration into routine practice.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/current-landscape-of-newer-non-invasive-brain-stimulation-in-psychiatric-disorders-across-south-asia/443030/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/current-landscape-of-newer-non-invasive-brain-stimulation-in-psychiatric-disorders-across-south-asia/443030.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"MrHarris58","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Which non-invasive brain stimulation techniques are emphasized in the review?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The review highlights repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as the most prominent newer techniques, reporting encouraging results with minimal side effects.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How widely are NIBS therapies used across South Asia?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Use has increased in recent decades, but services remain limited across South Asia, with a notable rise primarily in India; research and implementation are less established in other countries.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What factors are suggested as barriers to wider adoption of NIBS?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review points to limitations such as scarce training and resources, alongside broader constraints in mental health services across the region, including gaps in human resources and treatment access.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},443030,1790812700,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},687212988360,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","REVIEW ARTICLE  \nCurrent landscape of newer non‑invasive brain stimulation in psychiatric disorders across South Asia  \nSujitaK. Kar, Ragul Ganesh1, Mohita Joshi, Osamah Khan2, VikasMenon1, S MYasirArafat3, Pawan Sharma4  \nDepartment of Psychiatry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 1Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India, 2Core Trainee in Psychiatry at Ballenden House, NHS Education for Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 3Department of Psychiatry, Bangladesh Specialized Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 4Department of Psychiatry, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lagankhel, Lalitpur, Nepal   \nABSTRACT  \nNon-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has been an increasingly used therapeutic modality for neuropsychiatric disorders in recent decades. This review attempts to discuss the extent of use (availability of facility, indications of use, amount of research) of various newer NIBS techniques in the management of psychiatric disorders in the South Asian countries till date (i.e., 2025) . In South Asia, particularly in India, there has been a notable rise in the use of NIBS treatment methods. Among these, the most prominent techniques are Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), both of which demonstrate encouraging results with minimal side effects. Over the past decades, research into non‑invasive neuromodulation has expanded significantly, although it remains predominantly centered in India. This growing body of evidence underscores the potential of these techniques to transform the treatment landscape for psychiatric conditions, offering a hope for patients seeking alternatives to conventional therapies. As interest in neuromodulation continues to grow, the future seems promising for the integration of these advanced modalities into clinical practice.  \nKey words: Non‑invasive brain stimulation, psychiatric disorder, South Asia, transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation  \nINTRODUCTION  \nSouth Asia contains eight countries, that is, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan with low and middle-income country (LMIC) backgrounds. [1] It is a densely populated region with about  \nAddress for correspondence: Dr. Sujita K. Kar, Department of Psychiatry, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow ‑ 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India.  \nE‑mail: [drsujita@gmail.com](drsujita@gmail.com)  \nSubmitted: 14‑Jun‑2025, Revised: 09‑Nov‑2025, Accepted: 10‑Dec‑2025, Published: 18‑Dec‑2025  \n\n| Access this article online |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| Website:\u003Cbr>[https://journals.lww.com/indianjpsychiatry](https://journals.lww.com/indianjpsychiatry) | Quick Response Code |\n|  | |\n| DOI:\u003Cbr>10.4103/indianjpsychiatry_608_25 |  |\n\n2 billion people, covering 15% of the world’s population. [2,3] There are dissimilarities among the countries regarding religion, population density, and language, however, there are similarities regarding mental health services like the income category of the countries, low budget in mental health, inadequate human resources, inequitable distribution of service providers, high treatment gap, huge out-of-pocket expenses, high stigma, and help-seeking from traditional healers.[3] The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among adults was 14.2% (12.9%–15.7%), indicating that  \nThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‑NonCommercial‑NoDerivatives 4.0 License (CC BY‑NC‑ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.  \nFor reprints [contact:](contact: WKHLRPMedknow_reprints@wolterskluwer.com)[ WKHLRPMedknow_reprints@wolterskluwer.com](contact: WKHLRPMedknow_reprints@wolterskluwer.com)  \nHow to cite this article: Kar SK, Ganesh","cbCaij2GGUi4ubCW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaij2GGUi4ubCW","pdf",767332,11,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Current use and research landscape in South Asia\n# Prominent NIBS techniques: rTMS and tDCS\n# Clinical indications, side-effect profile, and limitations\n# Future directions for integrating NIBS into practice","[{\"question\":\"Which non-invasive brain stimulation techniques are emphasized in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as the most prominent newer techniques, reporting encouraging results with minimal side effects.\"},{\"question\":\"How widely are NIBS therapies used across South Asia?\",\"answer\":\"Use has increased in recent decades, but services remain limited across South Asia, with a notable rise primarily in India; research and implementation are less established in other countries.\"},{\"question\":\"What factors are suggested as barriers to wider adoption of NIBS?\",\"answer\":\"The review points to limitations such as scarce training and resources, alongside broader constraints in mental health services across the region, including gaps in human resources and treatment access.\"}]","Current landscape of newer non-invasive brain stimulation in psychiatric disorders across South Asia | PDF",1790702596,28]