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Argues that neoliberal competition, standardized practices, and conditional aid expand multinational and international organizational power while weakening state authority and reproducing Western hegemony. Employs post-colonial critique to explain how global curricula, knowledge-economy discourse, and English global language promote Westernization and marginalize teachers and students, reinforcing cultural subordination in the Global South.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":15,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/current-issues-in-comparative-education-cice-volume-25-issue-1-winter-2023-postcolonial-critiques-on-globalization-and-privatization-of-education-in-pakistan/600367/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/current-issues-in-comparative-education-cice-volume-25-issue-1-winter-2023-postcolonial-critiques-on-globalization-and-privatization-of-education-in-pakistan/600367.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"RuangKosong","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-21","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the paper connect globalization to colonial legacies in education?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It argues that globalization shares conceptual ground with colonialism, with international organizations and agreements extending transnational hegemony that dilutes state power and marginalizes local culture.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What role does privatization play in the global education agenda discussed here?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Privatization is presented as emerging alongside globalization through neoliberal frameworks such as competition, public choice, and market efficiency, supported by policies tied to aid and development goals.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do post-colonial critiques explain the impact on teachers and students in Pakistan?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The analysis claims globalization transforms Western educational policies in developing countries like Pakistan in ways that produce Westernization and undermine teachers and students through supremacy and marginalization.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},600367,1792443953,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":14,"category_name":15,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962090883219,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Current Issues in Comparative Education (CICE), Volume 25, Issue 1, Winter 2023  \nPostcolonial Critiques on Globalization and Privatization  \nof Education in Pakistan  \nGul Muhammad Rind  \nDepartment of Education, Sukkur IBA University, Pakistan  \nIntroduction and Background of the Study  \nGlobalization of education is widely contested in the current academic discussion due to its polarizing effects on the economy, society, and culture. Spring (2008) defined globalization as “worldwide networks, processes, and institutions affecting local educational practices and policies” (p. 1) . The international trade and free market policies have on the one hand, strengthened the role and importance of Multinational Corporations (MNCs) and International Organizations (IOs); on the other, these enterprises have weakened state power and marginalized the Indigenous culture in the formerly colonized regions of the Global South (Rizvi, 2007). Further, globalization is glorified for knowledge production and dissemination, and it is generally viewed narrowly and depicts its non-political impact on education and society. According to Spring (2008), globalization of education includes a global curriculum, discourse of knowledge economy and technology, multiculturalism, standardized methods of instruction and testing, gender equality, and English as a global language. Globalization and colonization have several commonalities because the origin of globalization can be traced to the colonial era. Colonialism has resulted in the hegemony of transnational agreements and global corporations. Through the heavy investment of capital into local communities, these institutions have diluted states' power and mandate in many economic, cultural, and educational activities (Enslin, 2017) .  \nThe privatization of education has also emerged with globalization. It operates through a neoliberal framework of competition, public choice, and market efficiency (Verger et al., 2016) . Neoliberalism is a politico-economic model \"which proposes that human well-being can best be advanced by the Privatization of entrepreneurial freedoms within an institutional framework characterized by private property rights, individual liberty, free markets, and free trade\" (Harvey, 2005, p. 145) . The Education for All agenda (later revised as 2030 Sustainable Development Goals) is a global initiative that also pressures countries to usher in private investment in education, as well as multilateral and bilateral aid (Draxler, 2020) . Alarmingly, globalization deploys aid of soft or hard conditions and standardized practices (e.g., privatization of education) to impose the cultural objectives of the Global North onto the Global South (Johnson, 2006; Verger et al., 2016) . In general, globalization and privatization of education in the Global South have created power asymmetry in policymaking, western hegemony, marginalization, and subjugation of local culture (Rizvi & Lingard, 2009; Steiner-Khamsi, 2016) .  \nApplying a post-colonial critique and analysis, this paper will discuss how globalization is a colonial legacy that transforms Western educational policies in developing countries like Pakistan and how it creates Westernization, supremacy, and marginalization of teachers and students (Spring, 2008) .  \n© 2023, Current Issues in Comparative Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Current Issues in Comparative Education 25(1), 112-120 .  \nPostcolonial Critiques on Globalization and Privatization of Education in Pakistan  \nPost-colonial Critique of Globalization in Education  \nPostcolonialism and its meanings are not limited to the time period after colonialism and imperialism, but rather a dialectical concept of historical decolonization, sovereignty-building, and confronting the existing economic, political, and cultural imperialism (Young, 2016) . The emergence of post-colonial theories can be traced through the period of the 1970s in cultural studies and in","cbCainFvIfeR5lRh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainFvIfeR5lRh","pdf",138369,"English","# Introduction and Background of the Study\n# Post-colonial Critique of Globalization in Education\n## Meanings of postcolonialism\n## Scope of postcolonial critiques\n# Globalization, colonial legacy, and international organizations\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"How does the paper connect globalization to colonial legacies in education?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that globalization shares conceptual ground with colonialism, with international organizations and agreements extending transnational hegemony that dilutes state power and marginalizes local culture.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does privatization play in the global education agenda discussed here?\",\"answer\":\"Privatization is presented as emerging alongside globalization through neoliberal frameworks such as competition, public choice, and market efficiency, supported by policies tied to aid and development goals.\"},{\"question\":\"How do post-colonial critiques explain the impact on teachers and students in Pakistan?\",\"answer\":\"The analysis claims globalization transforms Western educational policies in developing countries like Pakistan in ways that produce Westernization and undermine teachers and students through supremacy and marginalization.\"}]","Current Issues in Comparative Education (CICE) - Volume 25 - Issue 1 - Winter 2023 - Postcolonial Critiques on Globalization and Privatization of Education in Pakistan | PDF",1792090550,14]