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This paper examines how gender influences grade four students’ mathematics achievement using TIMSS 2019 data and an OLS regression. Results indicate girls outperform boys despite broader access inequities. However, discriminatory gender norms restrict substantive freedoms, leaving many girls disengaged from further education or work.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/current-issues-in-comparative-education-cice-issue-1-winter-exploring-factors-influencing-girls-mathematics-achievement-in-pakistan/600366/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/current-issues-in-comparative-education-cice-issue-1-winter-exploring-factors-influencing-girls-mathematics-achievement-in-pakistan/600366.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"RuangKosong","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What question does the paper investigate about girls’ mathematics achievement in Pakistan?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It asks to what extent gender influences mathematical achievement among grade four students in Pakistan, considering girls’ access to quality schooling.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What data and method does the study use?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study uses TIMSS 2019 data from Pakistan and applies an OLS regression to analyze the effect of gender on mathematics achievement.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What do the results show about performance by gender?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Despite inequities in access to education for female students, girls outperform boys on average in mathematics.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},600366,1792116968,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090883219,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Current Issues in Comparative Education (CICE), Volume 25, Issue 1, Winter  \nMore girls are accessing school, but are they learning? An exploratory study of the factors influencing girls’mathematics achievement in Pakistan  \nSumit Karn  \nTeachers College, Columbia University  \nVandita Churiwal  \nTeachers College, Columbia University  \nChris Henderson  \nTeachers College, Columbia University  \nMia Chin  \nTeachers College, Columbia University  \nShreya Sanjeev  \nTeachers College, Columbia University  \nAlthough primary school enrollment in Pakistan has increased in the last two decades, schooling quality for girls and boys remains a central challenge. Furthermore, strides made toward gender parity are yet to address pervasive inequities in schooling outcomes. To provide insight on this matter, this paper interrogates girls' achievement in mathematics within the broader context of girls' access to quality schooling, asking: to what extent does gender infl uence mathematical achievement among grade four students in Pakistan? Building on Sen and Nussbaum’s 'capability approach' and 'freedom as development'frameworks, we explore the extent to which girls' educational achievement represents what Nussbaum defines as 'instrumental freedom. ' We conducted an OLS regression to analyze Pakistan’s TIMSS 2019 data to examine the effect of gender on mathematical achievement. Results show that despite overall inequity in access to education for female students, girls outperform boys. However, while mathematics achievement might contribute to instrumental freedoms via the attainment of numeracy, discriminatory gender norms deny a vast majority of Pakistan's girls and young women the substantive freedoms central to their development. In Pakistan, the reality that young women are still 75 percent more likely to be disengaged from further education or employment presents a missed opportunity and significant cause for concern.  \nKeywords: Gender equity, girls achievement, sense of belonging, mathematics education, large-scale assessments, quality teaching.  \n© 2023, Current Issues in Comparative Education, Teachers College, Columbia University. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Current Issues in Comparative Education 23(2), 73-90 .  \nKarn et al.,  \nIntroduction  \nBetween 1990 and 2019, the expected years of schooling in Pakistan increased from 4.6 to 8.3 years, and the mean years of actual schooling increased from 2.3 to 5.2 years (UNDP, 2019) . While 59 percent of the net attendance ratio is obtained at the primary level, this number reduces to 38 percent by the middle and secondary levels (DHS, 2017) . Although primary school enrollment in Pakistan has increased overall, schooling quality remains a stubborn challenge. For example, Pakistan experiences ‘learning poverty’with approximately 48 percent of all children being unable to read or comprehend written text by age ten (World Bank, 2019). In addition to early-grade reading, mathematics skills are foundational for academic success in upper primary and secondary education as well as adult engagement in political and economic spheres (Sitabkhan & Platas, 2018) . The importance of increased mathematics skills is also associated with increased individual earnings later in life (Hanushek, 2015) . To date, however, there is limited longitudinal and/or comparable data or analysis on mathematics achievement in Pakistan.  \nOne barrier towards progress is that data on mathematics achievement in lower and upper levels of schooling has been inadequately captured. For example, we have been able to access gender disaggregated data on regional youth reading rates for 15–24-year-olds for some time (indicating a pervasive gender gap in favor of males) . However, until Pakistan participated in the 2019 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMMS) we lacked gender-disaggregated data on achievement in mathematics at both primary and secondary school levels (UNICEF & UNFPA, 2019) . Representing an anomaly in global ma","cbCaiqMxrPpdwOnC","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqMxrPpdwOnC","pdf",227230,18,"English","# Introduction\n## Education access and quality in Pakistan\n## Evidence gaps in mathematics achievement data\n## Study aims and research question","[{\"question\":\"What question does the paper investigate about girls’ mathematics achievement in Pakistan?\",\"answer\":\"It asks to what extent gender influences mathematical achievement among grade four students in Pakistan, considering girls’ access to quality schooling.\"},{\"question\":\"What data and method does the study use?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses TIMSS 2019 data from Pakistan and applies an OLS regression to analyze the effect of gender on mathematics achievement.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results show about performance by gender?\",\"answer\":\"Despite inequities in access to education for female students, girls outperform boys on average in mathematics.\"}]","Current Issues in Comparative Education (CICE) - Issue 1 - Winter - Exploring Factors Influencing Girls' Mathematics Achievement in Pakistan | PDF",1792090546,45]