[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-657153-105":59,"doc-detail-657153-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","current-approaches-to-macromolecular-crystallization","Current approaches to macromolecular crystallization","","Current approaches to macromolecular crystallization focus on X-ray diffraction analysis of protein, nucleic acid, and complex single crystals, enabling rational drug design and protein engineering by revealing detailed molecular structure and ligand interactions. While X-ray crystallography has advanced to provide reliable, rapid answers using modern data collection, software, and computing, crystallization remains the main empirical bottleneck. Growth requires supersaturated solutions and systematic optimization of many environmental parameters to obtain high-quality, high-resolution crystals.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/current-approaches-to-macromolecular-crystallization/657153/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/current-approaches-to-macromolecular-crystallization/657153.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jiven","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why does crystallization limit broader use of X-ray crystallography?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The protein or nucleic acid must first be crystallized, and obtaining crystals that are both sufficiently good quality and suitable for high-resolution diffraction is not straightforward. This step remains the primary obstacle despite advances in the rest of the technique.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What key method provides a detailed and precise structural description?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"X-ray diffraction analysis of single crystals provides a detailed, precise structural description in useful mathematical terms, supporting drug design and guidance for protein engineering.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do crystals grow according to the supersaturation concept?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Crystals do not grow from saturated solutions because the solid and dissolved states are in equilibrium. Crystallization requires a non-equilibrium, supersaturated state that provides the thermodynamic driving force for solute exclusion into the solid crystal.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},657153,1793089834,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},1099513958607,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399","Review  \n# Current approaches to macromolecular crystallization\n\nAlexander McPHERSON  \nDepartment of Biochemistry,University of Californa at Riverside,USA  \n(Received September 18,1989)-EJB891133  \nGiven our current expertise,and the certain future devel-opments in genetically altering organisms to produce proteinsof modified structure and function,the concept of proteinengineering is nearing reality.Similarly,our ability to describeand utilize protein structure and to define interactions withligands has made possible the rational design of new drugs andpharmacological agents.Even in the absence of any intentiontoward applied use or value,the correlation of regulation,mechanism,and function of proteins with their detailed molec-ular structure has now become a primary concern of modernbiochemistry and molecular biology.  \nAt the present time,there are numerous physical-chemicalapproaches that yield information regarding macromolecularstructure.Some of these methods,such as NMR and molec-ular dynamics,are becoming increasingly valuable in definingdetailed protein structure,particularly for lower-molecular-mass proteins.There is,however,only one general techniquethat yields a detailed and precise description,in useful math-ematical terms,of a macromolecule's structure,a descriptionthat can serve as a basis for drug design,and an intelligentguide for protein engineering.The method is X-ray diffractionanalysis of single crystals of proteins,nucleic acids,and theircomplexes with one another and with conventional small mol-ecules.Some inspirational examples of representative crystalsare shown in Fig.1-3.  \nIn the past 20 years,the practice of X-ray crystallographyhas made enormous strides.Nearly all of the critical and time-consuming components of the technique have been improved,accelerated,and refined.X-ray crystallography today is notsimply an awesome method used by physical chemists to revealthe vast beauty of macromolecular architecture;it is a practi-cal,reliable,and relatively rapid means to obtain straightfor-ward answers to perplexing questions.  \nX-ray diffraction data that once required years to obtain,can now be collected in a matter of weeks,even days in somecases.Computers of extraordinary speed and capacity arenow common tools as are computer graphics systems of aversatility and cleverness that would have been unimaginableonly a few years ago.Software,too,exists that is sophisticatedyet friendly,flexible yet reliable,and readily available to any-one in need of it.The question,then,is where does the problemlie?What prevents the full utilization and exploitation of thisenormously powerful approach.  \nThe answer,of course,is that for application of the methodto a particular macromolecule,the protein or nucleic acid  \nmust first be crystallized.Not only must crystals be grown,but they must be good quality crystals,crystals suitable for ahigh-resolution X-ray diffraction analysis.‘Aye,there's therub’as Hamlet might say,for in general,this is not an easytask.While some proteins may be trivially simple to crystallize,many others,invariably those of greatest personal interest,are elusive and stubborn [2].  \nThe reason that the crystallization step has become theprimary obstacle to expanded structural knowledge is thenecessarily empirical nature of the methods employed to over-come it [3-6].Macromolecules are extremely complex physi-cal-chemical systems whose properties vary as a function ofmany environmentalinfluences such as temperature,pH,ionicstrength,contaminants and solvent composition to name onlya few.They are structurally dynamic,microheterogeneous,aggregating systems,and they change conformation in thepresence of ligands (for a survey of protein structure andfunction,see[7-9]).Superimposed on this is the poor state ofour current understanding of macromolecular crystallizationphenomena and the forces that promote and maintain proteinand nucleic acid crystals.  \nAs a substitute for the precise and reasoned approachestha","cbCail7b95WvdqYY","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCail7b95WvdqYY","pdf",2742770,23,"English","# Crystals grow from supersaturated solutions","[{\"question\":\"Why does crystallization limit broader use of X-ray crystallography?\",\"answer\":\"The protein or nucleic acid must first be crystallized, and obtaining crystals that are both sufficiently good quality and suitable for high-resolution diffraction is not straightforward. This step remains the primary obstacle despite advances in the rest of the technique.\"},{\"question\":\"What key method provides a detailed and precise structural description?\",\"answer\":\"X-ray diffraction analysis of single crystals provides a detailed, precise structural description in useful mathematical terms, supporting drug design and guidance for protein engineering.\"},{\"question\":\"How do crystals grow according to the supersaturation concept?\",\"answer\":\"Crystals do not grow from saturated solutions because the solid and dissolved states are in equilibrium. Crystallization requires a non-equilibrium, supersaturated state that provides the thermodynamic driving force for solute exclusion into the solid crystal.\"}]","Current approaches to macromolecular crystallization | PDF",1792974921,58]