[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-336341-105":59,"doc-detail-336341-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","current-and-future-immunotherapeutic-approaches-in-pancreatic-cancer-treatment","Current and future immunotherapeutic approaches in pancreatic cancer treatment","","Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, yet early prevention and detection remain difficult due to the rarity of symptoms and lack of reliable indicators. Most cases present advanced, metastatic, and treatment-resistant disease, where chemotherapy and radiotherapy only modestly extend survival by months. Immunotherapy has transformed pancreatic cancer care, but its efficacy is constrained by an immunosuppressive, hard-to-access tumor microenvironment. The review summarizes key mechanisms and a broad immunotherapy landscape, including oncolytic viruses, engineered T-cell therapies, CAR NK cells, cytokine-induced killer cells, checkpoint inhibitors, immunomodulators, cancer vaccines, and myeloid-targeting strategies, and outlines major remaining challenges.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/current-and-future-immunotherapeutic-approaches-in-pancreatic-cancer-treatment/336341/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/current-and-future-immunotherapeutic-approaches-in-pancreatic-cancer-treatment/336341.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Hazel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is pancreatic cancer difficult to diagnose and treat early?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Patients often show vague or no symptoms, and there are no reliable indicators for early detection. As a result, diagnosis frequently occurs at metastatic or late stages.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What limits the effectiveness of immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Immunotherapy efficacy is constrained by the tumor’s immunosuppressive and hard-to-reach microenvironment, which hampers strong anti-tumor immune responses.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which immunotherapeutic approaches are covered in the review?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review highlights oncolytic viruses, engineered T-cell therapies (TCR- and CAR T cells), CAR NK cell therapy, cytokine-induced killer cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunomodulators, cancer vaccines, and strategies targeting myeloid cells.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},336341,1790110104,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},137441390410,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000252f4ab5702993?_k=1776741390130283984","Farhangnia et al.  \nJournal of Hematology & Oncology (2024) 17:40 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-024-01561-6](https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-024-01561-6)  \nJournal of Hematology & Oncology  \n REVIEW Open Access  \nCurrent and future immunotherapeutic approaches in pancreatic cancer treatment  \nPooya Farhangnia 1,2,3,4, Hossein Khorramdelazad5, Hamid Nickho2,3 and Ali‑Akbar Delbandi 1,2,3*  \nAbstract  \nPancreatic cancer is a major cause of cancer‑related death, but despondently, the outlook and prognosis for this resistant type of tumor have remained grim for a long time. Currently, it is extremely challenging to prevent or detect it early enough for effective treatment because patients rarely exhibit symptoms and there are no reliable indicators for detection. Most patients have advanced or spreading cancer that is difficult to treat, and treatments like chemo‑ therapy and radiotherapy can only slightly prolong their life by a few months. Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of pancreatic cancer, yet its effectiveness is limited by the tumor’s immunosuppressive and hard‑to‑ reach microenvironment. First, this article explains the immunosuppressive microenvironment of pancreatic cancer and highlights a wide range of immunotherapy options, including therapies involving oncolytic viruses, modified T cells (T‑cell receptor [TCR]‑engineered and chimeric antigen receptor [CAR] T‑cell therapy), CAR natural killer cell therapy, cytokine‑induced killer cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunomodulators, cancer vaccines, and strate‑ gies targeting myeloid cells in the context of contemporary knowledge and future trends. Lastly, it discusses the main challenges ahead of pancreatic cancer immunotherapy.  \nKeywords Pancreatic cancer immunotherapy, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Adoptive cell therapy, CAR NK cell therapy, CART‑cell therapy, Immune checkpoint blockade, Immune checkpoint inhibitor, Oncolytic virus therapy, Cancer vaccine  \n*Correspondence: Ali‑Akbar Delbandi  \n[Delbandi.ak@Iums.ac.ir](Delbandi.ak@Iums.ac.ir); [Delbandi@Yahoo.com](Delbandi@Yahoo.com)  \n1 Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran  \n2 Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran  \n3 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran  \n4 Immunology Board for Transplantation and Cell‑Based Therapeutics (ImmunoTACT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran  \n5 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran  \nIntroduction  \nPancreatic cancer comprises mostly pancreatic ductaladenocarcinoma (PDAC), a persistent and recalcitrant disease [1], and is responsible for an estimated 50,550 deaths in the United States of America in 2023 [2]. Diagnosis in the early stages of metastasis or late-stage is common since symptoms are often vague. The current approach for treating PDAC is standard cytotoxic chemotherapy, but it only extends overall survival (OS) by a few months [3–5].  \nPDAC carcinogenesis like all the solid tumors is mediated by the gradual build-up of driver mutations, such as the oncogene KRAS (G12D mutation) [6–9] and the tumor suppressor gene TP53 [10, 11]. These molecular modifications are accompanied by corresponding histological alterations during different stages of PDAC development [12]. The morphological progression initiates with the formation of precursor lesions known as  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and","cbCaidkOFqJ7sQfq","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidkOFqJ7sQfq","pdf",5131438,66,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and diagnosis challenges\n## Molecular drivers and histological progression\n## Tumor microenvironment and stromal remodeling\n## Rationale for immunotherapeutic strategies","[{\"question\":\"Why is pancreatic cancer difficult to diagnose and treat early?\",\"answer\":\"Patients often show vague or no symptoms, and there are no reliable indicators for early detection. As a result, diagnosis frequently occurs at metastatic or late stages.\"},{\"question\":\"What limits the effectiveness of immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Immunotherapy efficacy is constrained by the tumor’s immunosuppressive and hard-to-reach microenvironment, which hampers strong anti-tumor immune responses.\"},{\"question\":\"Which immunotherapeutic approaches are covered in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights oncolytic viruses, engineered T-cell therapies (TCR- and CAR T cells), CAR NK cell therapy, cytokine-induced killer cells, immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunomodulators, cancer vaccines, and strategies targeting myeloid cells.\"}]","Current and future immunotherapeutic approaches in pancreatic cancer treatment | PDF",1790014625,166]