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Current management relies on multimodal care including resection, radiation therapy, and systemic therapy, while deeper mechanistic insights are driving demand for improved prognostic indicators, surveillance strategies after treatment, and more individualized therapies. This review highlights commonly used and studied biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/current-and-emerging-diagnostic-prognostic-and-predictive-biomarkers-in-head-and-neck-cancer-review/330141/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/current-and-emerging-diagnostic-prognostic-and-predictive-biomarkers-in-head-and-neck-cancer-review/330141.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Patrick","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-19","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the focus of this review on head and neck cancer biomarkers?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The review covers commonly used diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, emphasizing viral-mediated versus non-viral-mediated disease.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do prognostic and predictive biomarkers differ?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Prognostic biomarkers predict outcomes independent of treatment, reflecting intrinsic aggressiveness. 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Eberly 1, Bao Y. Sciscent 1, F. Jeffrey Lorenz 1, Eleni M. Rettig 2 and Neerav Goyal 1, *  \nCitation: Eberly, H.W.; Sciscent, B.Y.; Lorenz, F.J.; Rettig, E.M.; Goyal, N. Current and Emerging Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Predictive Biomarkers in Head and Neck Cancer. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 415. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12020415](doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12020415)  \nAcademic Editor: Michalis Karamouzis  \nReceived: 8 January 2024  \nRevised: 31 January 2024  \nAccepted: 2 February 2024  \nPublished: 10 February 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA; [hwatkins@pennstatehealth.psu.edu](hwatkins@pennstatehealth.psu.edu) (H.W.E.); [florenz@pennstatehealth.psu.edu](florenz@pennstatehealth.psu.edu) (F.J.L.)  \n2 Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02108, USA  \n* [Correspondence: ngoyal1@pennstatehealth.psu.edu](Correspondence: ngoyal1@pennstatehealth.psu.edu); Tel.: +1-717-531-8945  \nAbstract: Head and neck cancers (HNC) are a biologically diverse set of cancers that are responsible for over 660,000 new diagnoses each year. Current therapies for HNC require a comprehensive, multimodal approach encompassing resection, radiation therapy, and systemic therapy. With an increased understanding of the mechanisms behind HNC, there has been growing interest in more accurate prognostic indicators of disease, effective post-treatment surveillance, and individualized treatments. This chapter will highlight the commonly used and studied biomarkers in head and necksquamous cell carcinoma.  \nKeywords: biomarkers; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; HPV  \n1. Introduction  \nHead and neck cancer (HNC) ranks as the seventh most common cancer worldwide and is responsible for over 660,000 new diagnoses each year [1] . Squamous cell carcinomas, which arise from the epithelial lining of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, comprise approximately 90% of HNCs [1–4] . The epidemiology of HNC is changing worldwide due to decreasing smoking rates and the rise of HPV-positive tumors, which are primarily of oropharyngeal origin [5–8] . Despite advances in treatment, there has been a gradual increase in overall mortality, with five-year survival rates of approximately 50–85%, depending on the type and location of the tumor [1,5,6] . Treatment of HNC confers significant morbidity and impacts the quality of life [9–12] .  \nCurrent therapies for HNC require a multimodal approach that may include surgical resection, radiation therapy, and/or systemic therapy [2,9,13] . With the growing understanding of the mechanisms behind HNC, there has been interest in more accurate prognostic indicators and effective post-treatment surveillance, as well as alternative individualized treatments. In this chapter, we review the existing literature regarding molecular biomarkers for various types of HNC.  \nThis article reviews common diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers, with an emphasis on viral-mediated vs. non-viral mediated disease. The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) has been increasingly recognized in the pathophysiology of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), such that two distinct disease entities are now recognized: HPV-negative disease associated with risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol use, and H","cbCaierrGV14rem8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaierrGV14rem8","pdf",391669,"English","# Introduction\n# Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Predictive Biomarkers\n## Viral-mediated vs. non-viral mediated disease\n## HPV-related and EBV-related biomarkers","[{\"question\":\"What is the focus of this review on head and neck cancer biomarkers?\",\"answer\":\"The review covers commonly used diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, emphasizing viral-mediated versus non-viral-mediated disease.\"},{\"question\":\"How do prognostic and predictive biomarkers differ?\",\"answer\":\"Prognostic biomarkers predict outcomes independent of treatment, reflecting intrinsic aggressiveness. Predictive biomarkers estimate benefit from a particular treatment, often by comparing treatment approaches.\"},{\"question\":\"Which viruses are highlighted as important in head and neck cancer subtypes?\",\"answer\":\"Human papillomavirus (HPV) is emphasized for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, distinguishing HPV-negative and HPV-positive disease. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is noted for roles in head and neck cancers, especially nasopharyngeal carcinoma.\"}]","Current and Emerging Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Predictive Biomarkers in Head and Neck Cancer - Review | PDF",1789987403]