[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-599964-105":59,"doc-detail-599964-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","critical-thinking-in-problem-exploration-in-design-and-technology-design-project","Critical Thinking in Problem Exploration in Design and Technology Design Project","","Study objectives focus on identifying and clarifying students’ critical thinking processes during problem exploration in design and technology (D&T). Critical thinking definitions by Paul and Elder guide the work, combined with elements of reasoning and intellectual standards. A qualitative collective case study analyzes 15 upper secondary Express-course design journals from Singa Secondary School, using journal documentations as primary data. Intellectual standards interpret reasoning quality to support instructional implications for D&T teachers.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/critical-thinking-in-problem-exploration-in-design-and-technology-design-project/599964/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/critical-thinking-in-problem-exploration-in-design-and-technology-design-project/599964.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"nayy☆","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the study aim to identify in D&T problem exploration?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study aims to identify and clarify students’ critical thinking processes specifically during problem exploration.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which framework guides the study’s definition of critical thinking?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study adopts critical thinking definitions conceptualized by Paul and Elder and applies elements of reasoning and intellectual standards.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How is student reasoning quality assessed in the study?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Students’ reasoning quality is interpreted and consolidated by applying intellectual standards for reasoning to the documentations in students’ design journals.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},599964,1792621869,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":26},962090893153,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Critical Thinking in Problem Exploration in Design and Technology Design Project  \nWei Leong Leon LOH, Kyushu University, Japan  \nAbstract  \nThe current study aimed to identify and clarify students’ critical thinking processes in problem exploration. The current study will adopt the definitions of critical thinking conceptualized by Paul and Elder and, at the same time, attempt to apply the concept of elements of reasoning and intellectual standards to achieve the objectives of this study. By using questions to deconstruct the elements of reasoning when exploring problems, the intellectual standards for reasoning in problem exploration can be articulated. Using a qualitative approach to conduct a collective case study, 15 design journals completed by students in the upper secondary Express course in Singa Secondary School are used as objects of study. The primary source of data is collected via the documentations in the design journals. Using intellectual standards for reasoning in problem exploration to interpret the documentations in the design journals, students’ quality of reasoning can be observed and consolidated. Based on the findings, the following conclusion can be presented. Firstly, to achieve depth, accuracy and unbiased understanding of the problem, students need to research on information and data from different sources to triangulate the problem. Secondly, it is necessary for students to acquire necessary background knowledge in order to conceptualize problems accurate and clearly. Thirdly, the development of intellectual standards for reasoning relevant to the design process in D&T may be a potentially useful strategy for teachers to explicitly develop critical thinking skills in D&T.  \nKey words  \ncritical thinking; reasoning; design education; design and technology; problem exploration; problem conceptualization  \nIntroduction  \nIn responding to the effects of globalization and the knowledge-based economy, a major curriculum review was undertaken in 1997 by the Ministry of Education, Singapore (MOE) torethink its goal and direction for the future (Poon, Lam, Chan, Chng, Kwek & Tan, 2017) . A knowledge-based economy shifted the efficiency driven education into an ability driven education, where ability for life-long learning by its people is key to the sustainability and economic growth of Singapore (Goh & Gopinathan, 2008) . The major curriculum review in 1997 led to the inception Thinking School Learning Nation (TSLN) in the same year (Poon et al., 2017) . TSLN was considered as the pivotal policy shift toward 21 Century Competencies (21CC) education and the defining moment that aimed to systematically educate 21CC by concentrating resources on teachers, infrastructure and technology with the aim to prepare Singapore’s students with the necessary knowledge and skills for the future (Poon et al., 2017) .  \nThe importance of critical thinking as part of the 21CC required of a student can be articulated with the policies and initiatives that came after the TSLN. To enhance the pedagogical change that set out in TSLN, the Teach Less, Learn More (TLLM) initiative was introduced in 2004 and subsequently launch in 2005. The TLLM set out to enhance the quality of education through reduction in syllabus content to encourage active learning and independent learning; and also, to enhance critical thinking and inquiry-based learning among students (Tan, Koh, Chan, Pamela & Hung, 2017; Koh, 2013) . The revision in the Desired Outcomes of Education in 2009 further emphasized the importance of critically thinking in the four desired outcomes of the student (Tan et al., 2017) .  \nSupporting the revised Desired Outcomes of Education in 2009 was the formalization of the Framework for 21CC and Student Outcomes in 2010 that represented one of the most significant developments in Singapore’s efforts for 21CC education (Tan, 2013; Poon et al., 2017) . As part of the three broad areas of emerging 21CC, where they are recognised as","cbCaidXOEhT2OcG9","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidXOEhT2OcG9","pdf",3917958,24,"English","# Introduction\n## Critical Thinking\n### What is Critical Thinking?","[{\"question\":\"What does the study aim to identify in D\\u0026T problem exploration?\",\"answer\":\"The study aims to identify and clarify students’ critical thinking processes specifically during problem exploration.\"},{\"question\":\"Which framework guides the study’s definition of critical thinking?\",\"answer\":\"The study adopts critical thinking definitions conceptualized by Paul and Elder and applies elements of reasoning and intellectual standards.\"},{\"question\":\"How is student reasoning quality assessed in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Students’ reasoning quality is interpreted and consolidated by applying intellectual standards for reasoning to the documentations in students’ design journals.\"}]","Critical Thinking in Problem Exploration in Design and Technology Design Project | PDF",1792089773]