[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-602209-105":59,"doc-detail-602209-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","critical-thinking-and-the-conditions-of-democracy","Critical Thinking and the Conditions of Democracy","","Critical thinking is widely treated as a necessary condition for democracy. This essay reverses that emphasis by examining how specific democratic conditions enable critical thinking to flourish, linking democratic culture, institutions, and dispositions in an interactive way. It analyzes how abilities and dispositions reinforce one another, why commitment is harder to cultivate than skills, and how democratic threats simultaneously endanger both critical thinking and democratic life.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/critical-thinking-and-the-conditions-of-democracy/602209/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/critical-thinking-and-the-conditions-of-democracy/602209.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"acoobca","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why is critical thinking considered important for democracy?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Critical thinking supports democratic citizenship by enabling citizens to reason about political issues, scrutinize media, and meet demands that require critical-thinking abilities and dispositions.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What democratic conditions does the essay say are necessary for critical thinking to develop?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Certain conditions of democratic culture and institutions—defined by egalitarian respect, open communication, and mutual consideration—create the social environment in which critical thinking can flourish and be practiced.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What distinguishes fostering critical thinking skills from fostering critical thinking commitment?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Teaching skills such as analyzing fallacies is relatively straightforward, while building commitment or disposition is harder, especially when an anti-critical ethos discourages persistence and courageous questioning.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},602209,1792172404,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":41},3985747870733,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Special Issue  \nEducation and the Challenges for Democracy  \neducation policy analysis archives  \nA peer-reviewed, independent, open access, multilingual journal  \nArizona State University  \n\n| Volume 31 Number 104 | September 19 , 2023 | ISSN 1068-2341 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n\nCritical Thinking and the Conditions of Democracy  \nNicholas C. Burbules  \nUniversity of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign  \nUnited States  \nCitation: Burbules, N. C. (2023). Critical thinking and the conditions of democracy. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 31(104). [https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.31.8062](https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.31.8062) This article is part of the special issue, Education and the Challenges for Democracy, edited by Fernando M. Reimers.  \nAbstract: It is often argued, rightly, that critical thinking is a necessary condition for democracy. This essay looks at the other side of that relationship, how certain democratic conditions are necessary for critical thinking to flourish. In turn, this dynamic, interactive account of democratic culture, institutions, and dispositions has implications for how we think about critical thinking itself. Keywords: democracy; critical thinking; criticality  \nPensamiento crítico y las condiciones de la democracia  \nResumen: Frecuentemente, se argumenta, con razón, que el pensamiento crítico es una condiciónnecesaria para la democracia. Este ensayo examina el otro lado de esa relación, cómo ciertas condiciones democráticas son necesarias para que el pensamiento crítico florezca. A su vez, esta dinámica interactiva de la cultura democrática, las instituciones y las disposiciones tiene implicaciones en cómo concebimos el pensamiento crítico en sí mismo.  \nPalabras clave: democracia; pensamiento crítico; criticidad  \nPensamento crítico e as condições da democracia  \nResumo: Frequentemente se argumenta, com razão, que o pensamento crítico é uma condiçãonecessária para a democracia. Este ensaio examina o outro lado dessa relação, ou seja, como certascondições democráticas são necessárias para o desenvolvimento do pensamento crítico. Por sua vez, essa abordagem dinâmica e interativa da cultura democrática, instituições e disposições tem implicações para a forma como pensamos sobre o próprio pensamento crítico.  \nPalavras-chave: democracia; pensamento crítico; criticidade  \nCritical Thinking and the Conditions of Democracy  \nOne of the main reasons offered in support of critical thinking as an educational aim is that it is a basic condition of democratic citizenship. A clear statement of this rationale is offered by Sharon Bailin and Harvey Siegel (2002):  \nTo the extent that we value democracy, we must be committed to the fostering of the abilities and dispositions of critical thinking. Democracy can flourish just to the extent that its citizenry is able to reason well regarding political issues and matters of public policy, scrutinize the media, and generally meet the demands of democratic  \ncitizenship, many of which require the abilities and dispositions constitutive to  \ncritical thinking. (p. 189)  \nOne can add further to this rationale in light of recent political developments in countries around the world, including the United States: the absence of critical thinking skills among a large proportion of citizens leaves democracies vulnerable to demagoguery and outright deception (Samaržija, 2023) . Citizens must possess relevant knowledge and the ability to critically evaluate knowledge claims; awareness of, and resistance to, the potential of social media to drive disinformation and distorted political ideologies; and a critical understanding of the power of rhetoric in a media-driven political environment—not only lies per se, but also that broader range of deceptive speech Harry Frankfurt (2005) calls “bullshit.”  \nThe literature on teaching critical thinking typically distinguishes two conditions: one includes the abilities or skills of analyzing fallacies and other flaws in reasoning; the other is vario","cbCaitjWd0u4msLH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitjWd0u4msLH","pdf",299378,12,"English","# Critical Thinking and the Conditions of Democracy\n## Dewey, Democracy, and the Social Conditions of Critical Thinking","[{\"question\":\"Why is critical thinking considered important for democracy?\",\"answer\":\"Critical thinking supports democratic citizenship by enabling citizens to reason about political issues, scrutinize media, and meet demands that require critical-thinking abilities and dispositions.\"},{\"question\":\"What democratic conditions does the essay say are necessary for critical thinking to develop?\",\"answer\":\"Certain conditions of democratic culture and institutions—defined by egalitarian respect, open communication, and mutual consideration—create the social environment in which critical thinking can flourish and be practiced.\"},{\"question\":\"What distinguishes fostering critical thinking skills from fostering critical thinking commitment?\",\"answer\":\"Teaching skills such as analyzing fallacies is relatively straightforward, while building commitment or disposition is harder, especially when an anti-critical ethos discourages persistence and courageous questioning.\"}]","Critical Thinking and the Conditions of Democracy | PDF",1792094238]