[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-292741-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-292741-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","cover-crops-for-walnut-orchards","Cover Crops for Walnut Orchards","","A practical guide explains what cover crops are and why walnut growers use them in orchard systems. It details benefits such as improving soil quality through organic matter and legume-derived nitrogen, enhancing water infiltration, reducing erosion and runoff, and suppressing weeds and dust. The guide also addresses challenges specific to walnuts, including increased water demand, moisture competition, frost risk from altered soil heat dynamics, and potential conflicts with orchard sanitation. 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Bugg  \nUC Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program, Davis  \nFred Thomas  \nCERUS Consulting, Chico, California  \nTom Johnson  \nKamprath Seed Company, Manteca, California  \n2  \nContents  \nWhat is a cover crop? .................... 3  \nWhy should I plant a cover crop?......... 3  \nWhat are the challenges I might face in growing cover crops? .................. 4  \nHow do I choose a cover crop? ........... 6  \nWhat orchard factors affect cover crop choice? ....................... 7  \nWhen and how do I plant a cover crop?... 9  \nHow do I manage the cover crop? .......10  \nCover crops as a nitrogen source ....... 13  \nHow much will a cover crop cost? ....... 13  \nSuggested cover crop mixes  \nfor walnuts   14  \nAdditional sources of information ...... 19  \nAcknowledgments ...................... 19  \nCover Crops  \nfor Walnut Orchards  \n3  \nCover crops can provide many  \nbenefits in orchards and vineyards  \nand have seen increasing use in recent years. Walnut orchards present unique challenges to the successful use of cover crops. These include the short time between harvest and leaf fall for establishing the cover crop, a deep layer of leaf litter on the orchard floor that may inhibit germination and growth of cover crop seedlings, the relatively low light levels reaching the floor of most mature orchards during the growing season, and the need for a debris-free orchard floor at harvest. In spite of thesedifficulties, many walnut growers have established successful and productive cover crop stands and realized the benefits that cover crops can provide.  \nWhat is a cover crop?  \n A cover crop is a noncash crop grown in the middles between tree rows and,  \nin some situations, between trees within rows.  \n Cover crops can be annuals, which germinate and die in one season, or perennials, which live for a number of years.  \n• Legumes and grasses can be used, either as annuals or perennials, depending on the species and management.  \n• Both winter and summer weeds can be allowed to grow and be managed like a cover crop. These weeds, also referred to as “resident vegetation,” usually produce less biomass (organic matter) than planted cover crops.  \nWhy should I plant a cover crop?  \nThe main reason for planting a cover crop is to improve soil quality by adding organic matter and (for legume cover crops) nitrogen. Cover crops also  \n improve orchard access in winter and spring by  \nThe main reason for planting a cover crop is to improve soil quality by adding organic matter and nitrogen (for legume cover crops) .  \nremoving excess water from the soil and providing a firmer surface for equipment traction.  \n enhance water infiltration by stabilizing soil aggregates and creating root channels for better water penetration.  \n extract nitrogen (when the cover crop includes legumes) from the atmosphere and convert it to soil forms available to trees. This “fixed” nitrogen is used  \n4  \nby the trees, reducing the amount of commercial nitrogen fertilizer required.  \n reduce runoff of irrigation and rainwater as well as the off-site movement of pesticides and nitrogen.  \n reduce undesirable winter weed species by shading them out and competing for water. Summer weeds can also be suppressed if the cover crop is allowed to persist late in the spring.  \n reduce erosion on slopes and river bottom areas subject to flooding.  \n protect the soil surface against the impact of sprinkler and rain droplets and other soil compacting or crusting forces such as equipment traffic.  \n extract leftover fertilizer nitrogen and mineralized nitrogen from the soil and convert it to more stable organic forms that are more easily conserved for later use by trees.  \n reduce","cbCair4rQuFDDP2R","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair4rQuFDDP2R","pdf",10535072,"English","# What is a cover crop?\n# Why should I plant a cover crop?\n# What are the challenges I might face in growing cover crops?\n# How do I choose a cover crop?\n# What orchard factors affect cover crop choice?\n# When and how do I plant a cover crop?\n# How do I manage the cover crop?\n# Cover crops as a nitrogen source\n# How much will a cover crop cost?\n# Suggested cover crop mixes for walnuts\n# Additional sources of information\n## Acknowledgments","[{\"question\":\"What is a cover crop in a walnut orchard?\",\"answer\":\"A cover crop is a noncash crop grown between tree rows and, in some cases, between trees within rows. It can be annual or perennial depending on species and management.\"},{\"question\":\"Why should a walnut grower plant a cover crop?\",\"answer\":\"Cover crops improve soil quality by adding organic matter and, for legumes, nitrogen. They also support water infiltration, reduce runoff and erosion, and can help suppress weeds and dust.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges can occur when growing cover crops in walnut orchards?\",\"answer\":\"Key challenges include higher water use and competition for stored soil moisture, increased frost risk after trees begin leafing out in spring, and potential conflicts with orchard sanitation needs.\"}]","Cover Crops for Walnut Orchards | PDF",1789654802]