[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-665348-105":59,"doc-detail-665348-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","covalent-bonding","Covalent Bonding","","Covalent bonding explains how non-metal atoms form molecules by sharing electron pairs. It covers the nature of a covalent bond as electrostatic attraction between bonding electrons and nuclei, and links bond strength to high melting points of giant covalent structures such as diamond and graphite. The text introduces electron representations (dot-and-cross, Lewis structures, line diagrams), then details the octet rule and exceptions like hydrogen, followed by multiple bonds, expansion of the octet, and coordinate (dative) covalent bonding in ions and classic examples.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/covalent-bonding/665348/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/covalent-bonding/665348.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"anakgang17","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What forms a covalent bond between atoms?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Covalent substances form when non-metal atoms share electron pairs. The shared pair is attracted to both nuclei, creating the bond.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is the octet rule in covalent molecules?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"When many atoms form covalent molecules, they gain a noble-gas-like electron configuration with eight electrons in the outer valence shell. This is called the octet rule.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does dative (coordinate) covalent bonding work?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"In dative bonding, the shared electron pair comes from only one of the bonding atoms. The electron-donating atom donates a lone pair to a deficient atom, shown with an arrow in diagrams.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},665348,1793299152,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":44,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":143},962090883568,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Covalent Bonding  \nCovalent substances are formed when two or more non-metal atoms link up and form a molecule. The electronic configuration of each atom usually corresponds to that of a noble gas.  \nThe shared pair of electrons (one e from each atom) is called a covalent bond. The atoms' nuclei are  \nattracted towards the shared pair of electrons.  \nA covalent bond strong and is caused by the electrostatic attraction between the bonding pair of electrons and the two nuclei.  \nThe strength of covalent bond can be demonstrated by the high melting points of giant atomic structures like diamond and graphite. They have high melting points because they contain many strong covalent bonds in a macromolecular structure. It takes a lot of energy to break the many strong bonds.  \nThe X-ray diffractions for the hydrogen molecule show high concentration of negative charge between H nuclei. This negative charge is strongly attracted by both nuclei so attractive interactions exceed repulsive ones  \nIn a covalent compound there is significant electron density between the atoms  \nWays of representing covalent molecules  \nElectron Configuration Diagrams Dot and Cross diagrams  \nLewis structures  \nH  N  H  \nH  \nLewis structures are like dot and cross diagrams, but only identical dots are used. I have used different colours but it is not necessary. Using only dots shows that all electrons are identical. The dots and crosses can lead some people to think the electrons are different.  \nLine diagrams  \nH  \nN  \nH  \nH  \nEach line represents a covalent bond. It is good practice to add the non bonding pairs of electrons on these diagrams too  \nThese electron configuration diagrams only show the outer shell electrons (called valence electrons) that are involved in bonding. The electrons are drawn in pairs to represent the pairs of electrons in electron orbitals. The electron pairs are called bonding pairs if they are shared between two atoms. If the electron pairs are not involved in bonding then they are called non-bonding pairs (or lone pairs) . The non bonding pairs are important in determining the shape of molecules.  \n[N Goalby chemrevise.org](N Goalby chemrevise.org) 1  \nThe Octet Rule  \nWhen most atoms combine to form covalent molecules they gain electronic structures with eight electrons in their outer valence shell. They gain a noble gas structure of eight electrons in their outer shell. This is called the Octet rule  \nHydrogen is an exception as it only needs two electrons to fill its outer shell.  \nCl  Cl   \nOH H  \nCl-Cl  \nO  \nH H  \nMultiple bonds  \nMultiple bonds occur when more than 2 electrons are shared between two atoms  \nSingle bond Double bond Triple bond  \n1 pair of electrons shared  \n2 pairs of electrons shared  \n3 pairs of electrons shared  \nO2  \nCO2     \n O  C  O   \nO=C=O  \nCompounds that do not meet octet rule.  \nThere are some covalent compounds of beryllium, boron and aluminium that do not have a full octet of electrons in their outer shell. These compounds can sometimes gain an octet through additional coordinate bonding. This is covered on the next page.  \nExpanding the octet.  \nThe are many compounds where there are more than eight electrons in the outer shell. We call this expanding the octet.  \nThis can happen with larger atoms in the 3rd or 4th period that have available d-sub shell orbitals. It happens most commonly when the central atom has a high oxidation state.  \nElements in period 2 cannot expand their octet as they do not have available d sub shell orbitals  \nBoron only has six electrons in its outer valence shell in this compound  \n[N Goalby chemrevise.org](N Goalby chemrevise.org) 2  \nNormal bonding patterns  \nNitrogen (3 bonds)(Phosphorus)  \nN  \nN  \nN  \nOxygen (2 bonds)  O    O  \n(Sulphur)   \nHalogen (1 bond)  X (F, Cl, Br, I)  \nHydrogen (1 bond)  H  \nDative Covalent bonding  \nA Dative covalent bond forms when the shared pair of electrons in the covalent bond come from only one of the bonding atoms. A dative cova","cbCaigbydiEwnvYX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigbydiEwnvYX","pdf",343450,"English","# Covalent bonding\n## Electron representations of covalent molecules\n## The octet rule and exceptions\n## Multiple bonds\n## Compounds that do not meet the octet rule\n## Expanding the octet\n## Normal bonding patterns\n## Dative covalent bonding (coordinate bonding)\n## Classic examples of dative covalent bonding","[{\"question\":\"What forms a covalent bond between atoms?\",\"answer\":\"Covalent substances form when non-metal atoms share electron pairs. The shared pair is attracted to both nuclei, creating the bond.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the octet rule in covalent molecules?\",\"answer\":\"When many atoms form covalent molecules, they gain a noble-gas-like electron configuration with eight electrons in the outer valence shell. This is called the octet rule.\"},{\"question\":\"How does dative (coordinate) covalent bonding work?\",\"answer\":\"In dative bonding, the shared electron pair comes from only one of the bonding atoms. The electron-donating atom donates a lone pair to a deficient atom, shown with an arrow in diagrams.\"}]","Covalent Bonding | PDF",23]