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It reviews foundational consensus statements by major academic groups and committees, then argues that growing commitments and litigation have obscured clear legal boundaries. The discussion emphasizes dissent and intellectual freedom as essential to the search for truth.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/courts-versus-campuses-the-struggle-to-protect-free-speech/588249/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/courts-versus-campuses-the-struggle-to-protect-free-speech/588249.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aditya","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-08","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the essay claim has changed regarding free speech on campuses?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It argues that the threat to free speech is no longer mainly external; campuses now often align with political and ideological causes and host activist groups that can stifle dissent.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What was the purpose of academic freedom according to the 1940 consensus described?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The principles described state that academic freedom serves the common good by depending on free speech in the search for truth, supporting freedom to research and publish results.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do the essay’s referenced committee conclusions define a university’s role?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"They emphasize that universities discover, improve, and disseminate knowledge through research and teaching, and must ensure the fullest intellectual freedom, including unfettered dissent.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},588249,1792171686,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},962085564549,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Acad. Quest . (2022) 35.4 DOI 10.51845.35.4.5  \nCourts versus Campuses: The Struggle to Protect Free Speech  \nGeorge R. La Noue  \nThere was an era in which academic freedom was considered best protected when universities, even if public, had maximum autonomy. The threat to free speech was thought to come mainly from outside interventions. Now campuses often commit themselves to political and ideological causes and house activist groups that stifle dissent.1 It is no longer true that maximum autonomy leads to greater intellectual diversity and free speech. The earlier consensus of academics and jurists about the importance of free speech and its legal boundaries has broken down. After recent litigation, the future is far from clear.2  \nThe Era of Consensus  \nIn 1940, the American Association of University Professors, working in conjunction with the Association of American Colleges, issued its famous “Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure” which has been endorsed by more than 250 scholarly and education groups.3 The Principles state that the purpose of academic freedom is not just to protect individuals or institutions, but that it is essential for the common good which depends on free speech in the search for truth. Consequently, there should be full freedom to conduct research and to publish results. Faculty also should have  \n1 George R. La Noue,“Time to Challenge Compelled Speech?” Law and Liberty, March 29, 2022.  \n2 This essay focuses on the evolution of the conflict over free speech rights as it has played out on campuses and in courtrooms . The National Association of Scholars makes important distinctions between free speech and academic freedom, which is a concept voluntarily adopted by many colleges and dealing most directly with faculty research and teaching, though it has been extended, with qualifications, to “extra-mural speech.” Any serious evaluation of the debate over academic freedom would require amuch longer treatment.  \n3 American Association of University Professors,“1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom  and Tenure,” [ww](www. aaup.org)[w. aaup.org](www. aaup.org).  \nGeorge R. La Noue is Emeritus Professor of Public Policy and Political Science at the University of Maryland Baltimore County; [glanoue@umbc.edu. He is the author of](glanoue@umbc.edu. He is the author of Silenced Stages: The Loss of Academic Freedom)[ Silenced Stages: The Loss of Academic Freedom](glanoue@umbc.edu. He is the author of Silenced Stages: The Loss of Academic Freedom)[ ](glanoue@umbc.edu. He is the author of Silenced Stages: The Loss of Academic Freedom)[and Campus Policy Debates](and Campus Policy Debates) ([Carolina Academic Press](Carolina Academic Press), [2019](2019)) . La Noue last appeared in AQ with “Higher Education: Some Answers to Challenges,” a review of What Universities Owe Democracy, in the summer of 2022.  \nfreedom in the classroom to discuss their subject, though they should not “introduce into their teaching controversial matter which has no relation to their subject.”  \nIn 1967, the University of Chicago formed the faculty-dominated Kalven Committee to prepare “a statement on the University’s role in political and social action.” The Committee found that:  \nThe mission of the university is the discovery, improvement, and dissemination of knowledge. . . . Since the university is a community only for these limited and distinctive purposes, it is a community that cannot take collective actions on the issues of the day. . . . without inhibiting that full freedom of dissent on which it thrives.4  \nCurrently, however, academic professional associations, university administrators, faculty senates, and student groups commonly demand commitments to various political causes which leave those who dissent in perilous positions.  \nIn 1974, after concern expressed by some Yale administrators and New Haven’s mayor about particular speakers invited to campus, President Kingman Brewster appointed a p","cbCaioo5TrkMMM4c","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioo5TrkMMM4c","pdf",302858,12,"English","# The Debate Over Academic Freedom and Free Speech\n## The Era of Consensus\n## Campus and Court Developments","[{\"question\":\"What does the essay claim has changed regarding free speech on campuses?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that the threat to free speech is no longer mainly external; campuses now often align with political and ideological causes and host activist groups that can stifle dissent.\"},{\"question\":\"What was the purpose of academic freedom according to the 1940 consensus described?\",\"answer\":\"The principles described state that academic freedom serves the common good by depending on free speech in the search for truth, supporting freedom to research and publish results.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the essay’s referenced committee conclusions define a university’s role?\",\"answer\":\"They emphasize that universities discover, improve, and disseminate knowledge through research and teaching, and must ensure the fullest intellectual freedom, including unfettered dissent.\"}]","Courts versus Campuses: The Struggle to Protect Free Speech | PDF",1792064839]