[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-150193-en":3,"doc-seo-150193-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},150193,2336464648322,"Aria","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2200025388227c56fec?_k=1778556882303663488",8,"Research & Report","Cotton’s Forgotten Children - Child Labour and Below Minimum Wages in Hybrid Cottonseed Production in India - July 2015","Cotton’s Forgotten Children examines child labour and wage practices in hybrid cottonseed production in India, focusing on how production structures and workforce changes shape children’s employment. The study maps the magnitude and profile of working children across states, estimates total numbers employed in cottonseed farms, and analyzes interventions aimed at eliminating child labour. It also evaluates wage rates by comparing prevailing market wages with statutory minimum wages, highlighting cases where pay falls below legal minimums.","COTTON’S FORGOTTEN CHILDREN  \nCHILD LABOUR AND BELOW MINIMUM WAGES IN HYBRID COTTONSEED PRODUCTION IN INDIA  \nby Dr. Davuluri Venkateswarlu  \nJULY 2015  \nINDIA COMMITTEE OF THE NETHERLANDS (ICN)  STOP CHILD LABOUR COALITION   \nTABLE OF CONTENT  \nEXECUTIVE SUMARY 5  \nCHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 7  \n1.1 Background 7  \n1.2 Nature of child labour in cottonseed production 9  \n1.3 Objectives of the study 11  \n1.4 Methodology 11  \n1.5 Structure of the report 13  \nCHAPTER II: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE INDIAN COTTONSEED INDUSTRY 14  \n2.1 Introduction 14  \n2.2 Increase in the seed production area 15  \n2.3 Growing control of MNCs and big companies 16  \n2.4 Relocation and expansion of production to new areas 18  \n2.5 Shifting production from large commercial farms to small family based farms 19  \n2.6 Changes in the workforce composition 20  \n2.7 Summing up 21  \nCHAPTER III: MAGNITUDE AND PROFILE OF THE WORKING CHILDREN 22  \n3.1 Introduction 22  \n3.2 Magnitude of child labour 22  \n3.3 Trends in the employment of child labour 25  \n3.4 Magnitude of child labour on farms producing for MNCs and Indian companies 27  \n3.5 Profile of the working children 28  \nCHAPTER IV: ESTIMATES OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CHILDREN EMPLOYED IN  \nCOTTONSEED FARMS IN DIFFERENT STATES 31  \nCHAPTER V: INTERVENTIONS AGAINST CHILD LABOUR IN COTTONSEED CULTIVATION 34  \nCHAPTER VI: WAGE RATES: THE ISSUE OF BELOW MINIMUM WAGES 37  \n6.1 Introduction 37  \n6.2 FLA-ICN wage study findings 37  \n6.3 Statutory minimum wages in different states 38  \n6.4 Comparison of statutory wages with prevailing market wages 39  \nCHAPTER VII: SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS 43  \nCHAPTER VIII: RECOMMENDATIONS 46  \nList of tables and figures  \nTable 1: State wise distribution of sample farms surveyed  \nTable 2: Company wise distribution of sample farms surveyed in different states  \nTable 3: Trends in area and productivity of cotton in India  \nTable 4: Trends in area under hybrid cottonseed production in India  \nTable 5: The production area controlled by MNCs and Indian companies (area in acres)  \nTable 6: Relocation of expansion of cottonseed production to new areas  \nTable 7: Average size of cottonseed farm in different states (in acres)  \nTable 8: Proportion of family labour to total workforce in cottonseed farms  \nTable 9: Proportion of seasonal migrant workers to the total labour supply  \nTable 10: Incidence of child labour in cottonseed farms in different states 2014-15  \nTable 11: Profile of working children in different states 2014-15  \nTable 12: Proportion of children (below 14 years) to total workforce in cottonseed farms  \nTable 13: Proportion of children (15-18 years) to total workforce in cottonseed farms  \nTable 14: Total area under hybrid seed production in India  \nTable 15: Estimates of approximate total number of children employed in hybrid cottonseed farms in different states in India for 2006-07, 2009-10 and 2014-15  \nTable 16: Comparison of prevailing market wages with statutory minimum wages 2014-15  \nColophon  \nAuthor: Dr. Davuluri Venkateswarlu, Director Glocal Research, Hyderabad, [davuluri_v@yahoo.com](davuluri_v@yahoo.com)[ ](davuluri_v@yahoo.com)[Lay out:](Lay out: India Committee of the Netherland)[ India Committee of the Netherland](Lay out: India Committee of the Netherland) (ICN)  \nPublished by: India Committee of the Netherlands as member of the Stop Child Labour Coalition Acknowledgement: We thank all the respondents who have participated in the study, including the companies that have given their input to the draft report  \nIndia Committee of the Netherlands  \n(Landelijke India Werkgroep)  \nMariaplaats 4e, 3511 LH Utrecht, Netherlands Tel: +31 (0)30 2321340  \nE-mail: [g.oonk@indianet.nl](g.oonk@indianet.nl)  \n[Website:](Website: www.indianet.nl)[ ](Website: www.indianet.nl)[www.indianet.nl](Website: www.indianet.nl)  \nStop Child Labour  \n[Website:](Website: www.stopchildlabour.eu)[ ](Website: www.stopchildlabour.eu)[www.stopchildlabour.eu](Website: www.stopchildlabour.","cbCaia8lWWiSSDt8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaia8lWWiSSDt8","pdf",8889921,1,47,"English","en",105,"# Executive Summary\n# Chapter I: Introduction\n## Background\n## Nature of child labour in cottonseed production\n## Objectives of the study\n## Methodology\n## Structure of the report\n# Chapter II: Recent Developments in the Indian Cottonseed Industry\n## Increase in the seed production area\n## Growing control of MNCs and big companies\n## Relocation and expansion of production to new areas\n## Shifting production from large farms to small family-based farms\n## Changes in the workforce composition\n# Chapter III: Magnitude and Profile of the Working Children\n## Magnitude of child labour\n## Trends in the employment of child labour\n## Profile of the working children\n# Chapter IV: Estimates of the Total Number of Children Employed in Cottonseed Farms in Different States\n# Chapter V: Interventions Against Child Labour in Cottonseed Cultivation\n# Chapter VI: Wage Rates: The Issue of Below Minimum Wages\n## FLA-ICN wage study findings\n## Statutory minimum wages in different states\n## Comparison of statutory wages with prevailing market wages\n# Chapter VII: Summary and Concluding Remarks\n# Chapter VIII: Recommendations","[{\"question\":\"What is the focus of the report Cotton’s Forgotten Children?\",\"answer\":\"The report focuses on child labour and wages below statutory minimum levels in hybrid cottonseed production in India.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report assess child labour among working children?\",\"answer\":\"It presents estimates of the magnitude and profile of working children, including trends in child labour employment and state-level incidence.\"},{\"question\":\"How are wage rates evaluated in relation to legal minimum wages?\",\"answer\":\"The report compares prevailing market wages with statutory minimum wages across different states, using findings from a wage study to identify where wages fall below minimums.\"}]","Cotton’s Forgotten Children - Child Labour and Below Minimum Wages in Hybrid Cottonseed Production in India - July 2015 | PDF",1787815313,118,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"cottons-forgotten-children-child-labour-and-below-minimum-wages-in-hybrid-cottonseed-production-in-india-july-2015","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cottons-forgotten-children-child-labour-and-below-minimum-wages-in-hybrid-cottonseed-production-in-india-july-2015/150193/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-27",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What is the focus of the report Cotton’s Forgotten Children?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The report focuses on child labour and wages below statutory minimum levels in hybrid cottonseed production in India.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the report assess child labour among working children?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It presents estimates of the magnitude and profile of working children, including trends in child labour employment and state-level incidence.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How are wage rates evaluated in relation to legal minimum wages?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The report compares prevailing market wages with statutory minimum wages across different states, using findings from a wage study to identify where wages fall below minimums.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]