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Results show substantial variation in cost-effectiveness both across programs and across sites within multisite programs, driven by differences in resource use, implementation quality, and target population characteristics. Policy implications are provided for using cost-effectiveness evidence to guide efficient allocation of public and private education resources.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/cost-effectiveness-analysis-in-practice-interventions-to-improve-high-school-completion/602479/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/cost-effectiveness-analysis-in-practice-interventions-to-improve-high-school-completion/602479.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"pixelkiddo","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":22},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What interventions does the article evaluate for improving high school completion?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"The article evaluates interventions aimed at increasing the high school completion rate and selects them using the What Works Clearinghouse evidence on effectiveness.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How are cost-effectiveness ratios estimated in the study?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"The study combines effectiveness evidence from the What Works Clearinghouse with cost data, then calculates cost-effectiveness ratios for five youth interventions.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"Why do cost-effectiveness results vary across programs and sites?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"The article links variation to differences in resource use, program implementation, and characteristics of the target populations across programs and sites within multisite programs.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},602479,1792094751,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":22,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":117,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":79,"read_time":103},962090883892,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e00115db34f3e0f11b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1790152879550218658","Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis September 2014, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 307–326 DOI: 10.3102/0162373713511850  \n© 2013 AERA. [http://eepa.aera.net](http://eepa.aera.net)  \nCost-Effectiveness Analysis in Practice: Interventions to Improve High School Completion  \nFiona Hollands  \nA. Brooks Bowden  \nClive Belfield  \nHenry M. Levin  \nHenan Cheng  \nRobert Shand  \nYilin Pan  \nBarbara Hanisch-Cerda  \nTeachers College, Columbia University  \nIn this article, we perform cost-effectiveness analysis on interventions that improve the rate of highschool completion. Using the What Works Clearinghouse to select effective interventions, we calculate cost-effectiveness ratios for five youth interventions. We document wide variation in costeffectiveness ratios between programs and between sites within multisite programs, reflecting differences in resource use, program implementation, and target population characteristics. We offer suggestions as to how cost-effectiveness data can be used to inform policymaking, with the goal of improving the efficiency with which public and private resources are employed in education.  \nKeywords: cost-effectiveness, dropout prevention, high school completion, ingredients method, cost analysis  \nIntroduction  \nAlmost one trillion dollars of public funding is spent on education in the United States (U.S. Government, 2012) . Education costs have risen historically at a much faster rate than the consumer price index (CPI) even as state education budgets have been falling (Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, 2012) . Yet, little attention has been focused on issues of cost and productivity of education and how we can increase efficiency. In education policy and research, much more attention has been given to the effectiveness of educational alternatives than to their costs. Strong arguments have been made that costs also need to be taken into account (Harris, 2009), but the criterion of cost-effectiveness is rarely used and is largely unknown among  \nevaluation specialists (Clune, 2002; HummelRossi & Ashdown, 2002; Levin, 2002) . This situation exists despite the development of methods for applying cost-effectiveness analysis to education almost four decades ago (Levin, 1975; Levin & McEwan, 2001; Tsang, 1997) .  \nThe omission of cost analysis has serious implications for using research evidence to improve education policymaking. In a fundamental sense, research evidence that omits cost analysis promotes educational interventions that have the largest effects regardless of theresources required to implement them (see Levin, 1970; Levin, Glass, & Meister, 1987) . It can also lead to policy implementation without sufficient resources to ensure that gains found in research settings can be realized in the field, as occurred with class size reduction in California.  \nHollands et al.  \nThe value of cost-effectiveness analysis in enhancing the policy decision-making process has been largely neglected. By forcing consideration of resource use and the idea that all reforms have opportunity costs, economic analysis clarifies what evidence is needed for making efficient policy decisions. This clarification is especially important when, as is increasingly the case, policies are expressed in terms of explicit goals for which policymakers are held accountable.  \nOne important educational goal that has become a national priority is increasing the highschool graduation rate (Rumberger, 2011a) . The high school graduation rate in the United States has stagnated since the 1970s, such that the United States ranks 22nd among 27 countries ina recent report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; 2012) . More than 12%, or 28 million, of American citizens aged 18 or over are high school dropouts, and there are large racial, ethnic, and gender gapsin graduation, with many dropouts clustered in“dropout factories” (Duncan & Murnane, 2011; Rumberger, 2011b) . The economic consequences of dropping out of ","cbCairmGZ76hphBL","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairmGZ76hphBL","pdf",167672,"English","# Introduction\n## Cost and productivity issues in education\n## Value of cost-effectiveness analysis for policy decisions\n## High school graduation and dropout challenges\n## Intervention efforts and limits of evaluation\n## Role of the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC)","[{\"question\":\"What interventions does the article evaluate for improving high school completion?\",\"answer\":\"The article evaluates interventions aimed at increasing the high school completion rate and selects them using the What Works Clearinghouse evidence on effectiveness.\"},{\"question\":\"How are cost-effectiveness ratios estimated in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study combines effectiveness evidence from the What Works Clearinghouse with cost data, then calculates cost-effectiveness ratios for five youth interventions.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do cost-effectiveness results vary across programs and sites?\",\"answer\":\"The article links variation to differences in resource use, program implementation, and characteristics of the target populations across programs and sites within multisite programs.\"}]","Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Practice - Interventions to Improve High School Completion | PDF"]