[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-601612-105":59,"doc-detail-601612-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","conversations-around-design-sketches-use-of-communication-channels-for-sharing-mental-models-during-concept-generation","Conversations Around Design Sketches - Use of communication channels for sharing mental models during concept generation","","Exploratory protocol research examines how designers use different communication channels during design sketching to share mental models within groups. The study analyzes graphical, textual, and verbal communications during concept generation, focusing on how mental models about both the design task and the design process are developed and exchanged. Results indicate verbal communication supports sharing and complements visual and textual channels, though teams can compensate when verbal exchange is limited.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/conversations-around-design-sketches-use-of-communication-channels-for-sharing-mental-models-during-concept-generation/601612/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/conversations-around-design-sketches-use-of-communication-channels-for-sharing-mental-models-during-concept-generation/601612.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"anakgang17","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-19","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What communication channels does the paper examine during design sketching?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The paper examines graphical, textual, and verbal communication channels used by designers during concept generation.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What role does verbal communication play according to the findings?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Verbal communication helps share individual mental models during sketching and complements graphical and textual channels.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do designers in groups manage mental models beyond the design task?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"In groups, designers develop and share mental models not only about the immediate design task but also about the design process to manage group interactions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},601612,1792210882,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":52,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962090883568,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Conversations Around Design Sketches: Use of communication channels for sharing mental models during concept generation Nik Shahman Nik Ahmad Ariff, Ph.D. Candidate, Delft University of Technology, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan  \nPetra Badke-Schaub, Professor of Design Theory and Methodology, Delft University of Technology  \nOzgur Eris, Associate Professor of Design Theory and Methodology, Delft University of Technology  \nIn this paper, we present an exploratory protocol study on the use of different communication channels during design sketching. We focus on how individual designers share their mental models with other designers in a group, and analyse their use of graphical, textual, and verbal communications during concept generation.  \nOur findings suggest that verbal communication plays a role in the sharing of individual mental models during sketching, and complements graphical and textual communication channels. However, design teams can still function without verbal communication in that respect, and address design problems. They seem to compensate for the absence of the verbal communication channel by using the graphical and textual channels more, and by relying on a somewhat different communication structure. A natural and arguably more desirable interaction utilises all three channels in conjunction.  \nOur findings also suggest that, when working in groups, designers develop and share individual mental models not only about the design task at hand but also about the design process in order to manage the group interactions.  \nKey words  \nsketching, mental models, communication, design thinking  \n1. Introduction  \nSketching is an essential thinking medium for designers (Ullman et al. 1990; Arnhem, 1993; Goel, 1995; McGown et al., 1998; van der Lugt, 2005; Menezes et al., 2006) . Traditionally, it has been seen as a fundamental conceptual tool during the early stages of the design process (Fish & Scrivener, 1990) . In design teams, it has been shown to facilitate design problem formulation and solution exploration in terms of functions and forms (Goldschmidt, 1991; van der Lugt, 2002) .  \nWhen working in teams, designers need to communicate their mental models of problem and solution spaces to team members. However, such mental models are often not well formulated upstream in the design process, which can make them difficult to communicate. Naturally, this communication task is even more demanding in interdisciplinary teams, whose viewpoints are more diverse. Differences in goals, languages, and other cultural variables can lead to conflicting perspectives that need tobe resolved (Smulders, 2008) .  \nMoreover, when designers communicate in order to reach shared understanding, they support their verbal explanations by visual representations, and vice versa (Cikis & Ipek Ek, 2010) . However, our understanding of the “dialog” between sketching and verbal communication is limited.  \nRESEARCH  \nFigure 1. Postulated cognitive process employed during design sketching  \nDesign and Technology Education: An International Journal 17.3  \n27  \nConversations Around Design Sketches: Use of communication channels for sharing mental models during concept generation  \nRESEARCH  \nWhen exploring this knowledge gap, we first consider the cognitive process that is invoked during sketching. We postulate that while sketching, a designer first develops a“rough” mental model by making assumptions about the design problem based on the initial problem formulation, then interprets the design problem by exploring the uncertainties and contradictions presented by the design situation (Scrivener et al., 2000), and then refines that mental model by adapting it to the new knowledge that has been gained. We also postulate that the refined mental model will be much more “transferrable” than the rough mental model, and thus forms the basis for effective design communication. This cognitive process is illustrated in figure 1.  \nMore specifically, this cogni","cbCaihePRX5LDFUy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihePRX5LDFUy","pdf",500306,"English","# Introduction\n## Sketching as a conceptual tool\n## Communication of mental models in teams\n## Cognitive process during design sketching\n## Exploration–Interpretation–Re-interpretation cycle\n## Exploring uncertainties and contradictions","[{\"question\":\"What communication channels does the paper examine during design sketching?\",\"answer\":\"The paper examines graphical, textual, and verbal communication channels used by designers during concept generation.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does verbal communication play according to the findings?\",\"answer\":\"Verbal communication helps share individual mental models during sketching and complements graphical and textual channels.\"},{\"question\":\"How do designers in groups manage mental models beyond the design task?\",\"answer\":\"In groups, designers develop and share mental models not only about the immediate design task but also about the design process to manage group interactions.\"}]","Conversations Around Design Sketches - Use of communication channels for sharing mental models during concept generation | PDF",1792092963,25]