[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-160359-en":3,"doc-seo-160359-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},160359,962085571259,"Putri","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",8,"Research & Report","CONVERSATIONAL CUES, INTERPERSONAL JUDGEMENTS, AND THE DECISION TO SPEAK - Research","Verbal content carries meaning, yet the dissertation shows that nonverbal and paralinguistic cues—facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice—shape how conversational meaning is interpreted and how interpersonal perceptions are formed. It examines how these signals influence whether people speak up or stay silent in dyadic interactions, group meetings, and classroom settings. The work reframes the social question of “what matters more” by emphasizing the interplay between what is said and how it is delivered, using multiple study designs to uncover underlying mechanisms.","CONVERSATIONAL CUES,  \nINTERPERSONAL JUDGEMENTS, AND THE DECISION TO SPEAK  \nCitation  \nAbi-Esber, Nicole. 2023. CONVERSATIONAL CUES, INTERPERSONAL JUDGEMENTS, AND THE DECISION TO SPEAK. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.  \nLink  \n[https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37375663](https://nrs.harvard.edu/URN-3:HUL.INSTREPOS:37375663)  \nTerms of use  \nThis article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material (LAA), as set forth at  \n[https://harvardwiki.atlassian.net/wiki/external/NGY5NDE4ZjgzNTc5NDQzMGIzZWZhMGFlOWI2M2EwYTg](https://harvardwiki.atlassian.net/wiki/external/NGY5NDE4ZjgzNTc5NDQzMGIzZWZhMGFlOWI2M2EwYTg)  \nAccessibility  \n[https://accessibility.huit.harvard.edu/digital-accessibility-policy](https://accessibility.huit.harvard.edu/digital-accessibility-policy)  \nShare Your Story  \nThe Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Submit a story  \nCONVERSATIONAL CUES, INTERPERSONAL JUDGEMENTS,  \nAND THE DECISION TO SPEAK  \nHow perceptions of others’ nonverbal and paralinguistic cues shape decisions to speak  \nin group conversations.  \nNicole Abi-Esber  \nHarvard Business School  \nDoctoral Dissertation in Organizational Behavior  \nApril 2023  \n© 2023 Nicole Abi-Esber  \nAll rights reserved.  \nDissertation Advisor: Alison Wood Brooks Nicole Abi-Esber  \nConversational Cues, Interpersonal Judgments, and the Decision to Speak  \nABSTRACT  \nWhat matters more: what a person says, or how they say it? Words (verbal content) are the carriers of meaning and define conversations. But how someone says something, including facial expressions and body language (nonverbal content) and tone of voice (paralinguistic content) shape how this meaning is interpreted. My work suggests that “What matters more?” may not bethe right question: it is the interplay of what people say and how they say it that defines the social world. This dissertation aims to explore the critical role of nonverbal and paralinguistic content—alongside verbal content—in shaping how we create interpersonal perceptions about others. This work begins to uncover how perceptions of others’ nonverbal and paralinguistic cues shape decisions to speak up, or not, in dyadic conversations, group meetings, and classrooms.  \nTABLE OF CONTENTS  \nTITLE PAGE ⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳I  \nCOPYRIGHT ⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳⸳II ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................. III  \nTABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................. IV  \nDEDICATION .............................................................................................................................. VI  \nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................... VII  \nINTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1  \nPARALINGUISTIC CONTENT ...........................................................................................................3  \nNONVERBAL CONTENT .................................................................................................................4  \nSUMMARY OF CHAPTERS ..............................................................................................................6  \nCHAPTER 1: FEELING SEEN: LEADER EYE GAZE PROMOTES PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY, PARTICIPATION, AND VOICE ............................................................................... 11  \nE","cbCaikTW4O7t0U06","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikTW4O7t0U06","pdf",2231180,1,168,"English","en",105,"# ABSTRACT\n# TABLE OF CONTENTS\n## INTRODUCTION\n## PARALINGUISTIC CONTENT\n## NONVERBAL CONTENT\n## SUMMARY OF CHAPTERS\n## CHAPTER 1: FEELING SEEN\n## CHAPTER 2: MISLEADING INTERPERSONAL INFERENCES\n## CHAPTER 3: PARALINGUISTIC CUES AND NON-NATIVE SPEAKERS","[{\"question\":\"What role do verbal, nonverbal, and paralinguistic cues play in conversations?\",\"answer\":\"The dissertation argues that meaning is not determined by words alone; facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice shape interpretation and interpersonal perceptions.\"},{\"question\":\"How do nonverbal and paralinguistic cues influence decisions to speak up?\",\"answer\":\"Perceptions of others’ nonverbal and paralinguistic cues affect whether individuals speak up or remain silent across dyadic conversations, group meetings, and classrooms.\"},{\"question\":\"What does Chapter 1 focus on regarding leader behavior?\",\"answer\":\"Chapter 1 examines how leader eye gaze promotes psychological safety, participation, and voice, and includes studies testing gaze effects in live, Zoom, and face-to-face settings.\"}]","CONVERSATIONAL CUES, INTERPERSONAL JUDGEMENTS, AND THE DECISION TO SPEAK - Research | PDF",1788062311,423,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"conversational-cues-interpersonal-judgements-and-the-decision-to-speak-research","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/conversational-cues-interpersonal-judgements-and-the-decision-to-speak-research/160359/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-30",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What role do verbal, nonverbal, and paralinguistic cues play in conversations?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The dissertation argues that meaning is not determined by words alone; 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