[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-112964-en":3,"doc-seo-112964-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},112964,687197207919,"Theodora","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000253d6f5f7c60be?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779446848396160552",8,"Research & Report","Convergence - Five Critical Steps toward Integrating Lagging and Leading Areas in the Middle East and North Africa","Convergence examines why many place-based interventions in the Middle East and North Africa underperform and how countries can move toward convergence. It connects fragmented cities and institutional constraints to economic inefficiency and spatial inequity, then outlines five transitional steps to reduce institutional inefficiency, accelerate regional economic development, and support convergent growth. It also assesses the prospects for regional integration and provides supporting notes, references, and methodological annexes.","Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disc losure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized  \nPub lic Disc losure Authorized  \nCONVERGENCE  \nFive Critical Steps toward Integrating Lagging and Leading Areas in the Middle East and North Africa  \nConvergence  \nConvergence  \nFive Critical Steps toward Integrating Lagging and Leading Areas in the Middle East and North Africa  \n© 2020 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433  \nTelephone: 202-473-1000; [Internet: www.worldbank.org](Internet: www.worldbank.org)  \nSome rights reserved 1 2 3 4 23 22 21 20  \nThis work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.  \nNothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.  \nRights and Permissions  \nThis work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under) the Creative Commons Attribution license, you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes, under the following conditions:  \nAttribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2020. Convergence: Five Critical Steps toward Integrating Lagging and Leading Areas in the Middle East and North Africa. Washington,  \nDC: World Bank. doi:10 . 1596/978-1-4648-1450-1. License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY  \n3.0 IGO  \nTranslations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered an official World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in this translation.  \nAdaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with the attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinions expressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptation and are not endorsed by The World Bank.  \nThird-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any thirdparty-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to reuse a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images.  \nAll queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; [e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org](e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org).  \nISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-1450-1  \nISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1451-8  \nDOI: 10. 1596/978-1-4648-1450-1  \nCover image: Matt Collins, Zephyr, and Ahmad Fakih, Greenlines.  \nCover design: Bill Pragluski, Critical Stages, LLC.  \nLibrary of Congress Control Number: 2019921087  \nContents  \nAcknowledgments  ............................................................. ","cbCaio5nZcIomqLh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaio5nZcIomqLh","pdf",10221111,1,241,"English","en",105,"# Overview\n## Why do so many place-based interventions fail?\n## How can the region’s countries approach convergence?\n## Five transitional steps to reduce institutional inefficiency\n## The prospects for regional integration\n# 1 Fragmented Cities, Constrained Growth\n## Rapid urbanization has not brought commensurate economic benefits\n## Modernist planning and informality\n# Annexes\n## Methodology for calculating the agglomeration index\n## Methodology for developing indicators of urban form","[{\"question\":\"Why do many place-based interventions fail in the Middle East and North Africa?\",\"answer\":\"The document links limited results to institutional constraints, fragmented urban systems, and persistent economic inefficiency and spatial inequity.\"},{\"question\":\"How can countries in the region approach convergence?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses national policy and 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