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In Somalia, modern schooling began under colonial rule, initially framed around producing clerical workers. Western Christian missionaries later introduced “modern schools,” yet suspicions regarding Westernization and proselytization resulted in expulsions. This qualitative case study examines enduring disputes over education objectives, management, curricula, language, resources, and mandates, showing a rudimentary system dependent on external support and stronger household investment than government funding.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/contested-education-a-case-study-of-somalia-abdinur-sheikh-mohamed-mohamud-case-report/591283/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/contested-education-a-case-study-of-somalia-abdinur-sheikh-mohamed-mohamud-case-report/591283.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"eBook King","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-08","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why has modern education in Somalia been contested since its introduction?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Modern education was imported with aims and outcomes that were unclear, and communities questioned motives behind “Western education,” including the foreign nature of curricula, language, and school management.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What educational approaches existed in Somalia before modern schools?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Informal and non-formal education were long practiced through apprenticeships and community-based learning, and Quranic schools provided a structured learning environment supported by tutors and materials.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What key issues does the case study highlight about Somalia’s current education system?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Persistent conflicts remain over education objectives, management, language of instruction, curriculum unification, resource sharing, and constitutional mandates, limiting effective education delivery and quality.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},591283,1792348229,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962088006270,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","African Educational Research Journal Vol. 11(4), pp. 552-564, October 2023  \nDOI: 10.30918/AERJ.114.23. E96 ISSN: 2354-2160  \nCase Report  \nContested education: A case study of Somalia Abdinur Sheikh Mohamed Mohamud  \nIndependent Scholar.  \nAccepted 5 October, 2023  \n\n| ABSTRACT\u003Cbr>Education is a fundamental human right crucial for individual growth and societal progress. In Somalia, modern education started during the colonial era with a focus on producing clerical workers for the colonial administration. Western Christian missionaries arrived to establish \"modern schools,\" but suspicions of Westernization and proselytization led to their expulsion. This case study delves into the history of Somali education, highlighting persistent conflicts over objectives, management, and outcomes. Disagreements persist over language of instruction, curriculum unification, resource sharing, and mandates, hindering effective education implementation. The study adopts a qualitative case study approach, collecting data through interviews to shed light on the complex issues plaguing Somalia's education system. It emphasizes that the system remains rudimentary and reliant on external support due to insufficient local investment and ownership. Notably, the research reveals that parents and guardians invest more in their children's education than the government, challenging the belief that donor organizations heavily fund education in Somalia. The study proposes key recommendations. First, it calls for prioritizing education to meet the needs of all school-age children, including the millions out of school. Second, it suggests increasing the education budget to 20% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) , aligning with neighboring countries'norms. Third, it advocates for clarifying constitutional mandates, roles, responsibilities, and resource sharing at all government levels. In summary, education's pivotal role in human development and societal advancement is underscored in Somalia's context. The study's findings illuminate the historical strugglesand current challenges facing the education system, emphasizing the need for increased investment, clear mandates, and resource allocation to ensure quality education for all Somali children and youth.\u003Cbr>Keywords: History of Somali education, modern education, literacy campaign, post-conflict education, education in fragile states. |\n| --- |\n| E-mail: [abdulnuur@hotmail.com. Tel](abdulnuur@hotmail.com. Tel). +1 (614) 588-3239. |\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nModern education was imported to Somalia by Western colonial administrators with unspecified aims and outcomes and has been questioned and contested since its inception. It remains to this day a socio-political battleground for the hearts and minds of young children. Early on, the contestations were triggered by a lack of clarity on modern education's aim, purpose, and delivery. During colonial rule (1884-1960), when formal schools were introduced to the country, religious clerics and community elders argued that there were ulterior motives behind “Western education”, also known as modern education. They felt unease about the nature of the schools and the absence of local input on the purpose of modern schools and that the curriculum, language of  \ninstruction , teachers and church organizations managing schools were all foreign (Ali, 2021) .  \nBefore the advent of modern schools , Somalis were content with non-formal and informal education programs offered to youth and adults which has been the practice since time immemorial. In the informal setting, students learn and acquire knowledge through life experiences where new skills and information are passed on from one generation to the next. These were often through apprenticeships learning from the master or through organized one-on-one or group training. Moreover, Quranic schools which were the first formalized learning system introduced to the region included a system of teaching and learning with a physical st","cbCaiffvJFdH4XVp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiffvJFdH4XVp","pdf",685312,13,"English","# Introduction\n## Background of contested education in Somalia\n## Colonial-era origins and community concerns\n## Pre-modern learning: informal, non-formal, and Quranic schooling\n## Emergence of modern schools and ongoing conflicts","[{\"question\":\"Why has modern education in Somalia been contested since its introduction?\",\"answer\":\"Modern education was imported with aims and outcomes that were unclear, and communities questioned motives behind “Western education,” including the foreign nature of curricula, language, and school management.\"},{\"question\":\"What educational approaches existed in Somalia before modern schools?\",\"answer\":\"Informal and non-formal education were long practiced through apprenticeships and community-based learning, and Quranic schools provided a structured learning environment supported by tutors and materials.\"},{\"question\":\"What key issues does the case study highlight about Somalia’s current education system?\",\"answer\":\"Persistent conflicts remain over education objectives, management, language of instruction, curriculum unification, resource sharing, and constitutional mandates, limiting effective education delivery and quality.\"}]","Contested education - A case study of Somalia Abdinur Sheikh Mohamed Mohamud - Case Report | PDF",1792071502,33]