[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-120680-en":3,"doc-seo-120680-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},120680,1099513958762,"Logic","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1784791008015729253",8,"Research & Report","Contact-free measurement of surface tension on single droplet using machine learning and acoustic levitation","Acoustic levitation is used to enable contact-free determination of surface tension by quantifying how a levitated droplet deviates from sphericity. The method addresses limitations of prior theoretical models for next-generation multi-source, highly stable acoustic levitators by learning correlations directly from experimental data. A dataset of 50,000+ images of levitated aqueous surfactant droplets was recorded across a wide surface-tension range while acoustic pressure was varied. Neural-network processing of droplet contours delivers high-accuracy predictions for single standing droplets and outperforms simpler physical models under size and shape constraints.","Contact-free measurement of surface tension on single droplet using machine learning and acoustic levitation  \nDownloaded from: [https://research.chalmers.se](https://research.chalmers.se), 2023-04-21 14:47 UTC  \nCitation for the original published paper (version of record):  \nArgyri, S., Evenäs, L., Bordes, R. (2023) . Contact-free measurement of surface tension on single droplet using machine learning and  \nacoustic levitation. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 640: 637-646.  \n[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.077](http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2023.02.077)  \nN. B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper.  \nresearch.chalmers.se offers the possibility of retrieving research publications produced at Chalmers University of Technology. It covers all kind of research output: articles, dissertations, conference papers, reports etc. since 2004.  \nresearch.chalmers.se is administrated and maintained by Chalmers Library  \n(article starts on next page)  \nJournal of Colloid and Interface Science 640 (2023) 637–646  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nJournal of Colloid and Interface Science  \njournal [homepage: www. elsevier. com/locate/jcis](homepage: www. elsevier. com/locate/jcis)  \nContact-free measurement of surface tension on single droplet machine learning and acoustic levitation  \nSmaragda-Maria Argyri, Lars Evenäs, Romain Bordes ⇑  \nDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden  \nusing  \n| h i g h l i g h t s\u003Cbr>􀀁 An acoustic levitator was used for contactless determination of surface tension.\u003Cbr>􀀁 A dataset of over 50,000 photographs of levitated aqueous surfactant droplets was built.\u003Cbr>􀀁 The droplet contours were processed through a neural network.\u003Cbr>􀀁 Limitations of theoretical frameworks were surpassed by the machine learning approach. |  | g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t\u003Cbr> |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| a r t i c l e i n f o |  | a b s t r a c t |\n| Article history:\u003Cbr>Received 24 October 2022\u003Cbr>Revised 2 February 2023\u003Cbr>Accepted 14 February 2023\u003Cbr>Available online 23 February 2023 |  | Hypothesis: Acoustic levitation provides the possibility to deform levitated droplets in a controllable, and quantifiable manner, thus offering a means to measure the surface tension of a liquid droplet based on its deviation from sphericity. However, for new generation of multi-source and highly stable acoustic levitators, no model relates the acoustic pressure field to the deformation and surface tension. Utilizing a machine learning algorithm is expected to identify correlations between the experimental data without any set preconditions.\u003Cbr>Experiments: A series of aqueous surfactant solutions with a large range of surface tensions were prepared, and evaporated under levitation, while the acoustic pressure was varied. A dataset of over 50,000 images was used for the training and evaluation of the machine learning algorithm. Prior to that, the machine learning approach was validated on in silico data that also included artificial noise. Findings: We achieved high accuracy in predicting the surface tension of single standing droplets (􀀃0.88 mN/m), and we surpassed certain physical conditions related to the size, and shape of the suspended samples that simpler theoretical models are subject to.\u003Cbr>􀀁 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This isan open access article under the CC BY license(http:// [creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)). |\n| 2000 MSC: 0000\u003Cbr>1111\u003Cbr>Keywords: Contact-free Surface tension Machine learning Levitating Droplet |  |  |\n\n1. Introduction  \nMost commonly the measurement of surface tension involves the use of a solid object (e.g., needle, Du Noüy ring, Wilhelmy plate  \n⇑ Corresponding author.  \nE-mail address: [bordes@chalmers.se](bordes@chalmers.se) (R. Bordes).  \netc. ), which poses the major risk of contamination, or surface induced error. Acoustic levitation ","cbCaiaLaA9OpcsVr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaLaA9OpcsVr","pdf",3512119,1,11,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Measurement principle and motivation\n# Methods and experimental setup\n## Acoustic levitation experiments\n## Image dataset and neural-network training\n# Results and findings\n## Prediction accuracy and physical-model comparison","[{\"question\":\"Why use acoustic levitation for measuring surface tension without contact?\",\"answer\":\"Acoustic levitation levitates and manipulates small droplets while avoiding errors and contamination introduced by solid measurement probes. The droplet deformation under acoustic pressure carries information about surface tension through deviation from sphericity.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the machine learning model applied in this work?\",\"answer\":\"A dataset of 50,000+ levitated droplet images is used to train and evaluate a neural network. The model processes droplet contours to learn correlations between acoustic conditions, droplet shape, and surface tension without fixed preconditions.\"},{\"question\":\"What performance and advantage are reported for the predicted surface tension?\",\"answer\":\"The approach achieves high accuracy in predicting the surface tension of single standing droplets and surpasses certain size- and shape-related limitations that constrain simpler theoretical models.\"}]","Contact-free measurement of surface tension on single droplet using machine learning and acoustic levitation | PDF",1785731428,28,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"contact-free-measurement-of-surface-tension-on-single-droplet-using-machine-learning-and-acoustic-levitation","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/contact-free-measurement-of-surface-tension-on-single-droplet-using-machine-learning-and-acoustic-levitation/120680/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why use acoustic levitation for measuring surface tension without contact?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Acoustic levitation levitates and manipulates small droplets while avoiding errors and contamination introduced by solid measurement probes. The droplet deformation under acoustic pressure carries information about surface tension through deviation from sphericity.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How is the machine learning model applied in this work?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"A dataset of 50,000+ levitated droplet images is used to train and evaluate a neural network. The model processes droplet contours to learn correlations between acoustic conditions, droplet shape, and surface tension without fixed preconditions.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What performance and advantage are reported for the predicted surface tension?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The approach achieves high accuracy in predicting the surface tension of single standing droplets and surpasses certain size- and shape-related limitations that constrain simpler theoretical models.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]