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The binodal curve is determined by titrating a PA6 polymer solution with water as a non-solvent until turbidity appears. Membrane formation and phase separation morphology are analyzed, linking membrane structure development to phase inversion and the equilibrium ternary phase diagram as a tool for predicting and controlling morphology. A water content of 26–39 wt% enables liquid–liquid phase separation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/construction-of-ternary-phase-diagram-and-membrane-morphology-evaluation-for-polyamideformic-acidwater-system-academic-paper/657770/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/construction-of-ternary-phase-diagram-and-membrane-morphology-evaluation-for-polyamideformic-acidwater-system-academic-paper/657770.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"404brain","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How is the binodal curve determined for the PA6/FA/water system?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It is measured by titrating the PA6 polymer solution with water as a non-solvent until the onset of turbidity, marking the binodal boundary.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What role does the ternary phase diagram play in membrane morphology?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The equilibrium ternary phase diagram helps explain and control membrane morphology by describing phase transitions that occur during phase separation and phase inversion.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What water content is needed to achieve liquid–liquid phase separation in this ternary system?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Liquid–liquid phase separation is achieved with a large amount of water, reported as 26–39 wt% water.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},657770,1793096650,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},1099529839291,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Construction of Ternary Phase Diagram and Membrane Morphology Evaluation for  \nPolyamide/Formic acid/Water System  \nAyman EL-GENDI, Heba Abdalla, Sahar Ali  \nChem. Eng. & Pilot Plant Dept., Eng. Research Division, National Research Center  \nAbstract: In this article, the ternary phase diagram in polyamide-6 (PA6)/Formic acid (FA)/Water system was constructed by experimental measurement. The determination of binodal curve was measured according to titration of the PA6 polymer solution with water as a non-solvent until the onset of turbidity. Also, the phase separation process of the prepared membranes structures system was investigated. The morphology of PA6 membrane has been formed during phase separation, which is dependent on the phase inversion, and the equilibrium ternary phase diagram system, that is a good tool for understanding and controlling the morphology of the membrane structure. According to the constructed ternary phase diagram of PA6/FA//Water system, a large amount of water (26-39 wt% water) was needed to achieve liquid–liquid phase separation in that ternary system.  \nKey words: ternary phase diagram; membrane morphology; binodal curve; polyamide-6/Formic acid//Water  \nINTRODUCTION  \nThe phase inversion process is the most important technique for membrane preparation, which is used in the preparation of polymeric symmetric, asymmetric and composite membranes, to be used in different membrane processes and applications.  \nThe equilibrium thermodynamic properties of the ternary system polymer/solvent/non-solvent play an important role in the description of membrane preparation process [Yip ; McHugh,2006; Zhenyu etal., 2012] . Thus, depending on the choice of the ternary system there are three possible results can occur during the membrane formation process, which are [Frommer and Lancet, 1972; Altena and Smolders,1982]; (i) Nonporous film (symmetrical dense membrane), (ii) Porous film (symmetrical porous membrane), (iii) Asymmetric membrane which has a thin dense top layer on a porous supporting layer.  \nFrom a thermodynamic point of view, study of polymer–solvent– nonsolvent system can be well depicted ina ternary phase diagram. The Flory-Huggins theory [Wijmans and Smolders, 1986] was found to be a convenient and useful framework for thermodynamic analysis of component mixing in a membrane preparation system. The ternary phase diagram of polymer /solvent/ nonsolvent systems can be constructed by theoretical calculations based on the Flory–Huggins theory for three-component systems [Rautenbach and Albrecht, 1989] . For thermodynamic evaluations of a membrane-forming system, the Flory-Huggins theory of polymer solutions [Flory1953], which has been extended to a ternary system containing nonsolvent/solvent/polymer systems were studied firstly by Tompa 1956.  \nThe systems which include mixture of ternary components: a polymer, a solvent and a third component (such as non-solvent) . This ternary system is completely miscible over a certain composition range, but amiscibility gap has appeared at composition over this certain composition range, as shown in Fig.1, which indicates an isothermal phase diagram of the ternary components. The pure components are represented at the corners of the triangle while boundary lines between any two corners of triangle represent mixtures of two components, and any point inside the triangle diagram represents a mixture of all three components. The main elements of ternary-phase diagram are: binodal and spinodal curves, a critical point, tie lines, and a glassy region shown in Fig.1 . For the studied ternary system, the evaluation of interaction parameters for the binary mixture has allowed a remarkably accurate prediction of the ternary phase diagram.  \nThe main input parameters of the Flory-Huggins relation are constructed from the binary interaction parameters of polymer/solvent, polymer/ nonsolvent, and nonsolvent/ solvent. The magnitude and concentration dependency of these inte","cbCainlpKwrPf8gE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainlpKwrPf8gE","pdf",217282,"English","# Introduction\n## Phase inversion and membrane preparation\n## Thermodynamic basis: Flory-Huggins theory\n## Ternary phase diagram components and interpretation","[{\"question\":\"How is the binodal curve determined for the PA6/FA/water system?\",\"answer\":\"It is measured by titrating the PA6 polymer solution with water as a non-solvent until the onset of turbidity, marking the binodal boundary.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does the ternary phase diagram play in membrane morphology?\",\"answer\":\"The equilibrium ternary phase diagram helps explain and control membrane morphology by describing phase transitions that occur during phase separation and phase inversion.\"},{\"question\":\"What water content is needed to achieve liquid–liquid phase separation in this ternary system?\",\"answer\":\"Liquid–liquid phase separation is achieved with a large amount of water, reported as 26–39 wt% water.\"}]","Construction of Ternary Phase Diagram and Membrane Morphology Evaluation for Polyamide/Formic acid/Water System - Academic Paper | PDF",1792988685,18]