[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-45656-en":3,"doc-seo-45656-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},45656,549758252649,"Ivy","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819",8,"Research & Report","Constructing the Homeland: Dutch Americans and the Netherlands Information Bureau during the 1940s","The article analyzes how the Netherlands Information Bureau (NIB) sought to shape American perceptions of the Netherlands during the 1940s after Nazi Germany’s occupation and threats in the East Indies. Establishing offices in New York and later in San Francisco and Holland, Michigan, the NIB aimed to present the Netherlands as modern, a loyal ally, and a colonial power. Yet the Dutch-American community in Holland maintained a homeland image marked by both quaint nostalgia and religious repression, demonstrating how transnational contacts shaped ethnic identity.","M H R  \n# Constructing the Homeland:Dutch Americans and the Netherlands Information Bureauduring the 1940s\n\nAuthor(s):David Zwart  \nSource:Michigan Historical Review,Vol.33,No.2(Fall,2007),pp.81-100  \nPublished by:Central Michigan University  \nStable URL:https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174225  \nAccessed:23-10-201910:00 UTC  \nJSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars,researchers,and students discover,use,and build upon a widerange of content in a trusted digital archive.We use information technology and tools to increase productivity andfacilitate new forms of scholarship.For more information about JSTOR,please contact support@jstor.org.  \nYour use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms &Conditions of Use,available athttps://about.jstor.org/terms  \nCentral Michigan University is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize,preserve and extendaccess to Michigan Historical Review  \nConstructing the Homeland:DutchAmericans and the Netherlands InformationBureau during the 1940s  \nDavid Zwart  \nAs Nazi Germany occupied the Netherlands and the Japanesemilitary threatened the Netherlands East Indies in the summer of1941,the Netherlands government in exile in London and thegovernment of the Netherlands East Indies officially established theNetherlands Information Bureau (NIB)in New York City to keepnews about both locations in front of the American public.Underthe direction of N.A.C.Slotemaker de Bruine,the office in NewYork City grew and within a year included a library and departmentsdevoted to research,the press,photos and film,and broadcasting.!Inorder to extend its reach across the United States,the NIB established twodivisional offices by the summer of 1942:in San Francisco,California,to  \n1 Memo,September 8,1941,box 1,Willard Wichers Papers (hereafter WichersPapers),Holland Museum Archives and Research Library,Holland,Mich.;Netherlands Information Bureau,One Year Old:The Inside Story of an Ugly Duckeling(New York:The Bureau,1942).For more information about the NIB in Dutch see,Marja Wagenaar,De Rijkesvoorlichtingsdienst:Gebeimbouden,Toedekkenen Openbaren(Goverzment Information Service:Keep a Secret,Cover-Up,and Revea)(Amsterdam:SduUitgevers,1997);and Marja Roholl,\"To Put Holland on the Map:Voorlichting alsInstrument van Buitenlands Beleid van Nederland,1900-1950”(\"Information as anInstrument of Foreign Policy of the Netherlands”),paper presented to ConferentieMedia en Sociaal-Culturele Veranderingen,International Institute for Social History,Amsterdam,May 24,1991,copy in author's possession.For information about theNIB in English,see David Snyder,\"Representing Indonesian Democracy in the U.S.,1945-1949:Dutch Public Diplomacy and the Exception to Self-Determination,\"inDemocracy and Culture in the Transatlantic World:Third Interdisciplinary Conference,October2004,ed.Charlotte Wallin and Daniel Silander(Maastricht,the Netherlands:Maastricht Center for Transatlantic Studies,2004),35-48.  \nMICHIGAN HISTORICALREVIEW 33:2(Fall 2007):81-100O2007 by Central Michigan University.ISSN 0890-1686AIl Rights Reserved.  \ncover the western United States,and in Holland,Michigan,to serve theMidwest.2 Holland,Michigan,seems out of place on a list that includesNew York and San Francisco,but the town was chosen to host an NIBoffice for at least two reasons.First,this small city,which had apopulation of about fourteen thousand people in 1940,had anunmistakable Dutch heritage.Founded under the leadership of DutchCalvinist Seceder pastor Albertus C.Van Raalte in 1847,Hollandcontinued to welcome Dutch immigrants.3 In the 1930 census,42 percentof the population of Holland had either been born in the Netherlands orhad parents who were born there.4 Second,Holland was the home ofWillard Wichers.Wichers grew up in the Holland area,and he had anintimate knowledge of Dutch America and was committed to promotingthe community.He had served as a district supervisor of the Survey ofHistorical Records as part of the Works Progress Administrati","cbCaiupeSAHNm0ka","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiupeSAHNm0ka","pdf",2601303,2,1,21,"English","en",105,"# Constructing the Homeland: purpose of the Netherlands Information Bureau\n## Establishing the NIB in New York and expanding to regional offices\n## Holland, Michigan as a Dutch-American hosting site\n## Tension between NIB messaging and Dutch-American homeland memory","[{\"question\":\"Why did the Netherlands government in exile establish the Netherlands Information Bureau in 1941?\",\"answer\":\"To keep news about the occupied Netherlands and the Netherlands East Indies in front of the American public as Nazi Germany and Japanese forces threatened the region.\"},{\"question\":\"What offices did the NIB create to extend its reach across the United States?\",\"answer\":\"By the summer of 1942 it established divisional offices in San Francisco for the western United States and in Holland, Michigan, to serve the Midwest.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the Dutch-American community in Holland, Michigan respond to the NIB’s portrayal of the Netherlands?\",\"answer\":\"The community intentionally entered the Dutch-American setting but faced a mismatch: locals preserved an image of the Netherlands as both quaint and repressive, rooted in religious memory and festivals like Tulip 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