[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-127883-en":3,"doc-seo-127883-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},127883,2336474459895,"Aria","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000baeef7a5ed0655?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786071322749376916",8,"Research & Report","Constructing Optimal Noise Channels for Enhanced Robustness in Quantum Machine Learning - Abstract","With the rapid advancement of Quantum Machine Learning (QML), protecting models against adversarial attacks is critical. The work connects quantum noise channels to differential privacy (DP) by constructing (α,γ)-channels that inherently satisfy ϵ-DP. It reproduces ϵ-DP bounds for depolarizing and random rotation channels and uses a semi-definite program to build an optimally robust channel. Experiments show improved adversarial accuracy and analyze the impact of α, γ and encoding methods on certifiable robustness.","Constructing Optimal Noise Channels for Enhanced Robustness in Quantum Machine Learning  \nDavid Winderl†, Nicola Franco†, Jeanette Miriam Lorenz†  \n†Fraunhofer Institute for Cognitive Systems IKS, Munich, Germany  \n{david.winderl, nicola.franco, [jeanette.miriam.lorenz}@iks.fraunhofer.de](jeanette.miriam.lorenz}@iks.fraunhofer.de)  \narXiv :2404 . 16417v1 [ quant-ph] 25 Apr 2024  \nAbstract—With the rapid advancement of Quantum Machine Learning (QML), the critical need to enhance security measures against adversarial attacks and protect QML models becomes increasingly evident. In this work, we outline the connection between quantum noise channels and differential privacy (DP), by constructing a family of noise channels which are inherently ϵ-DP:(α,γ)-channels. Through this approach, we successfully replicate the ϵ-DP bounds observed for depolarizing and random rotation channels, thereby affirming the broad generality of our framework. Additionally, we use a semi-definite program to construct an optimally robust channel. In a small-scale experimental evaluation, we demonstrate the benefits of using our optimal noise channel over depolarizing noise, particularly in enhancing adversarial accuracy. Moreover, we assess how the variables α and γ affect the certifiable robustness and investigate how different encoding methods impact the classifier’s robustness.  \nIndex Terms—Differential Privacy, Quantum Machine Learning, Adversarial Robustness, Quantum Computing.  \nI. INTRODUCTION & RELATED WORK  \nQuantum Machine Learning (QML) emerges as a prominent example of the potential applications for Noisy IntermediateScale Quantum (NISQ) devices [24] . Research into QML is motivated by the anticipation that it could significantly improve certain computational tasks, surpassing the performance of conventional algorithms [30, 25, 5, 2, 6] . Despite these potential benefits, QML faces its own set of challenges, especially concerning susceptibility to adversarial attacks [21, 28, 12] . Within classical machine learning, Differential Privacy (DP) has played a crucial role in striking a balance between data utility and the need for privacy protection [11, 1] . Specifically, DP has been utilized to enhance the reliability of model predictions for specific inputs [8, 20] . This principle extends naturally into Quantum Computing (QC) and introduces a novel approach to safeguard the integrity and privacy of data processed by QML models [33] .  \nQuantum noise channels, such as depolarizing and phase damping noise in NISQ devices, are used as sources of stochastic noise. This noise helps achieve DP by exploiting the natural error processes of these devices [4, 15, 33, 27, 10] . With this argumentation, Weber et al. [27] have provided a relationship among quantum hypothesis testing and adversarial robustness. In addition, Hirche et al. [15] has provided a relationship between quantum DP and the quantum hockestick  \nThe project/research is supported by the Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs, Regional Development and Energy with funds from the Hightech Agenda Bayern.  \ndivergence. Angrisani et al. [4] is possibly one of the most noteworthy recent publications; they have provided a more general framework for the robustness upper bound of quantum noise channels by defining the neighbourhood concept in terms of the Schatten-norm and providing a more general upper bound for noise channels in terms of a depolarizing channel as well as a single qubit Pauli channel. This broader framework was not included in our work as we initially focused on defining such a family of noise channels. The linear nature of quantum channels and their relationship to semi-definite programming has been already considered, e.g. Guan et al. [14], to attempt to construct an optimal noise channel that achieves epsilon-DP using semi-definite programming. Nonetheless, the extent to which these techniques can defend classifiers against practical adversarial input manipulations remains unc","cbCaibn9YAsh6FWC","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibn9YAsh6FWC","pdf",728586,2,1,12,"English","en",105,"# Introduction & Related Work\n# Preliminaries\n## Quantum Adversarial Robustness","[{\"question\":\"How do (α,γ)-channels relate quantum noise to differential privacy?\",\"answer\":\"The paper constructs a family of noise channels designed to satisfy ϵ-DP intrinsically, linking the natural stochastic errors of quantum channels to DP guarantees.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the role of semi-definite programming in the work?\",\"answer\":\"Semi-definite programming is used to construct an optimally robust quantum noise channel under the DP-related framework.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors influence certifiable robustness, according to the experiments?\",\"answer\":\"The experiments examine how the variables α and γ affect certifiable robustness, and how different encoding methods change the classifier’s robustness.\"}]","Constructing Optimal Noise Channels for Enhanced Robustness in Quantum Machine Learning - Abstract | PDF",1785942584,30,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":29},"constructing-optimal-noise-channels-for-enhanced-robustness-in-quantum-machine-learning-abstract","",{"@graph":37,"@context":86},[38,54,69],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,48,51],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/constructing-optimal-noise-channels-for-enhanced-robustness-in-quantum-machine-learning-abstract/127883/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-25","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"How do (α,γ)-channels relate quantum noise to differential privacy?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"The paper constructs a family of noise channels designed to satisfy ϵ-DP intrinsically, linking the natural stochastic errors of quantum channels to DP guarantees.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"What is the role of semi-definite programming in the work?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"Semi-definite programming is used to construct an optimally robust quantum noise channel under the DP-related framework.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"Which factors influence certifiable robustness, according to the experiments?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"The experiments examine how the variables α and γ affect certifiable robustness, and how different encoding methods change the classifier’s robustness.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,116,121,123,128,131,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":118,"show_sort_weight":119,"slug":120},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":30,"slug":122},"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]