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Fly ash substitution at 10% yields 11,674 MPa at 28 days, supporting economic and environmental benefits while improving durability potential.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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Linwood","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document","2026-11-04","2026-10-23",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",6,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What is the main objective of using fly ash in concrete bricks?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"To optimize wasted materials and enable partial cement replacement while maintaining mechanical strength performance up to a 20% substitution level.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What fly ash substitution proportions are evaluated?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Mixtures are prepared with fly ash at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% in combination with local sand and PCC cement.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"How is compressive strength performance measured in the study?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Compressive strength is tested at 3, 14, and 28 days for a total of 75 samples, using a quality classification D.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},648444,1792793558,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & 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PERENCANAAN\n10.15294/jtsp.v27i2/19331\n\u0013 HYPERLINK \"http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/jtsp/index\" \u0014http://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/jtsp/index\u0015\nConcrete Brick Wasted Material Substitution Performance: Role of Fly Ash, Mixture Composition, and Compressive Strength\nSyahrul1, a) and Amir1, b)\n1,2Faculty of Engineering, University of 17 August 1945 Samarinda\na) Corresponding author: syahrul@untag-smd.ac.id\nAbstract. The optimization of wasted materials, especially local fly ash, provides space to be used as a construction material with the potential to partially replace cement without reducing the mechanical strength of concrete bricks to a proportion of 20%. Using waste materials like fly ash will provide economic value, environmental sustainability, and strength and durability. A mixture of local sand, PCC cement, and fly ash material is 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Concrete bricks or commonly called paving blocks are products with sand, water, and cement compositions, as well as waste materials, the installation and maintenance of concrete bricks is very easy and can be formed with various variations that provide aesthetic aspects, the mechanical parameters of concrete bricks are 3, 14, and 28 days old compressive strength tests with a total of 75 samples with a quality classification D. Weight ratio 1:4 cement,  sand and cement water 0.58. The weight of the cement determines the amount of fly ash. The performance of fly ash waste-substitution concrete bricks by 10% produced a quality of 11,674 MPa in 28 days.\nKeywords: Local sand, Fly ash, Characteristics, Paving, Compressive strength\nINTRODUCTION\nOptimization of wasted materials, primarily fly ash, provides space to be used as construction materials that are environmentally friendly and have the potential to partially replace cement without reducing the mechanical strength of concrete bricks to a proportion of 20% and increasing the use of waste material substitution will reduce carbon levels and reduce raw material costs. The variation of concrete brick shapes has aesthetic aspects that can be modeled according to a unique, attractive, and culturally appropriate design in each region. Concrete bricks have the composition of portland cement, fine aggregate, and water with or without additives, which does not reduce the quality of concrete bricks [1]. The classification of concrete bricks has four parts, namely, intended for roads, parking, pedestrians, and parks. As a construction component, concrete bricks develop well according to needs, like house walls and other construction components.\nPrecast concrete bricks are used for pedestrian sidewalk construction, vehicle traffic, bus stops, public refueling stations, and vehicle parking [2]. Concrete brick structures for pavements are formed diagonally to produce a strong construction [3], thus providing the ability to withstand high shear and compressive forces supported by sub-grade foundation structures. The compaction process of precast concrete bricks uses vibro equipment with high pressure of 75 kg/cm2 and vibration of 25-50 Hz [4], so that it will produce good compaction against low water ratio binding.\nConcrete bricks can be combined with some wasted materials into composite structures [5], often used for rehabilitation. The production of concrete bricks has developed into an industrialized process, so that the certainty of accuracy will be consistent. Many researchers propose using waste materials to produce concrete bricks to preserve nature and reduce waste [6]. The addition of fly ash to the composition of concrete bricks aims to reduce the amount of cement, which has implications for the environment, including the physical and mechanical properties of concrete bricks.\nThe production of concrete bricks with high volume certainly has implications for the use of cement [7]. So that the use of wasted materials will provide enough s","cbCailFWCraQO0QD","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailFWCraQO0QD","docx",112470,"English","# INTRODUCTION\n## Optimization and environmental rationale\n## Concrete brick applications and forms\n## Production, compaction, and composite usage\n## Fly ash role and mixture strength mechanism","[{\"question\":\"What is the main objective of using fly ash in concrete bricks?\",\"answer\":\"To optimize wasted materials and enable partial cement replacement while maintaining mechanical strength performance up to a 20% substitution level.\"},{\"question\":\"What fly ash substitution proportions are evaluated?\",\"answer\":\"Mixtures are prepared with fly ash at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% in combination with local sand and PCC cement.\"},{\"question\":\"How is compressive strength performance measured in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Compressive strength is tested at 3, 14, and 28 days for a total of 75 samples, using a quality classification D.\"}]","Concrete Brick Wasted Material Substitution Performance - Role of Fly Ash - Mixture Composition and Compressive Strength | DOCX",25]