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It strengthens TM’s treatment of events in existence, including absent events, and examines event classification through achievements, states, activities, and performances, together with event relationships. TM defines events as thimacs infused with time, using regions based on five generic actions. The results enrich conceptual modelling and propose graph-based event classification grounded on TM diagrams.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/conceptual-modeling-and-classification-of-events/657457/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/conceptual-modeling-and-classification-of-events/657457.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"aboduw","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the thinging machine (TM) approach used for in this paper?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"TM is used as a diagrammatic methodology for conceptual modelling, refining high-level representations of real-world systems into executable forms.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does TM define an event?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"In TM, an event is constructed from a region and time; it is defined as a thimac (thing/machine) infused with a time breath (time subthimac) that adds dynamism to a region.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What does the paper propose about event classification?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Instead of relying on semantic categorisations alone, it proposes a new classification type based on graphs grounded on TM model diagrams, covering different kinds of events and their relationships.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},657457,1793115276,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},3985747862266,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Conceptual Modeling and Classification of Events  \nSabah Al-Fedaghi *  \nComputer Engineering Department  \nKuwait University  \nKuwait  \n[salfedaghi@yahoo.com](salfedaghi@yahoo.com), [sabah.alfedaghi@ku.edu.kw](sabah.alfedaghi@ku.edu.kw)  \nAbstract–This paper is a sequel to an evolving research project on a diagrammatic methodology called thinging machine (TM). Initially, it was proposed as a base for conceptual modelling (e.g., conceptual UML) in areas such as requirement engineering. Conceptual modelling involves a high-level representation of a real-world system that integrates various components to refine it into a more concrete (computer) executable form. Methodologies for developing conceptual models have revealed that using well-defined ontological notations and well-structured processes is crucial in enhancing the efficiency of building (software) systems. The TM project has progressed into a more comprehensive approach by applying it in several research areas and expanding its theoretical and ontological foundation. Accordingly, the first part of the paper involves enhancing some TM aspects related to structuring events in existence, such as absent events. The second part of the paper focuses on how to classify events (e.g., typically named achievements, states, activities, and performances) and the kinds of relationships that can be recognised among events. The notion of events has occupied a central role in modelling. It influences computer science and such diverse disciplines as linguistics, probability theory, artificial intelligence, physics, philosophy and history. In TM, an event is defined asthe so-called thimac (thing/machine) with a time breath (time subthimac) that infuses dynamism into the static description of the thimac called a region. A region is a diagrammatic specification based on five generic actions: create, process, release, transfer and receive. The results of this research provide (a) an enrichment of conceptual modelling, especially concerning varieties of existence, e.g., absent events of negative propositions, and (b) a proposal that instead of semantic categorisations of events, it is possible to develop a new type of classification based on graphs grounded on the TM model diagrams.  \nIndex Terms – Conceptual model, diagram, structure, events, absent events, event classification, thinging machines  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nThis paper is a sequel in evolving research about a diagrammatic methodology called thinging machine (TM) that have been proposed to be used as a base for conceptual modelling that serves in such areas as requirement engineering (e.g., on or above the level of UML as a conceptual modelling language) . The TM project has evolved into a more comprehensive approach by applying it in other research areas and expanding its theoretical and ontological foundation.  \nConceptual modelling involves developing a high-level representation of real-world systems, covering components and behaviours to be refined into a more concrete executable model. Outlining methodologies to build conceptual models involves difficulties related to modelling entity types, generalisation hierarchies, relationship types, attributes, and cardinalities [1] .  \n* Retired June 2021, seconded fall semester 2021/2022  \nThe evolution of newer techniques in conceptual modelling has revealed that using well-defined modelling notations and following clear processes improves effectiveness.  \nA. Thinging Machines  \nThe research in this paper contains two parts. In the first part, new aspects of thinging machines are further developed, which are related to structuring reality into two levels, with a potentiality/actuality scheme adopting an idea that goes back to the Stoic modes of reality.  \nThe TM model provides us with an ontological representation of reality. It represents the entities that ‗there are ‘ in the targeted domain and processes utilising one notion, thimac (thing/machine), which is acronymised as TM. Generall","cbCaikGPvrSC5gzL","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikGPvrSC5gzL","pdf",1434769,14,"English","# Introduction\n## Thinging Machines\n## Event Classification","[{\"question\":\"What is the thinging machine (TM) approach used for in this paper?\",\"answer\":\"TM is used as a diagrammatic methodology for conceptual modelling, refining high-level representations of real-world systems into executable forms.\"},{\"question\":\"How does TM define an event?\",\"answer\":\"In TM, an event is constructed from a region and time; it is defined as a thimac (thing/machine) infused with a time breath (time subthimac) that adds dynamism to a region.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the paper propose about event classification?\",\"answer\":\"Instead of relying on semantic categorisations alone, it proposes a new classification type based on graphs grounded on TM model diagrams, covering different kinds of events and their relationships.\"}]","Conceptual Modeling and Classification of Events | PDF",1792980055,35]