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Although low incidence limits research and male-specific guidance, genetic predispositions such as BRCA2 mutations and hormonal imbalance contribute to disease development. This review synthesizes evidence on epidemiology, risks, presentation, diagnosis, treatments, and psychosocial impacts. Findings highlight later-stage diagnosis without routine screening, poorer survival vs females, and the need for earlier screening, genetic counseling, and more targeted therapies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/comprehensive-review-of-male-breast-cancer-understanding-a-rare-condition/369561/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/comprehensive-review-of-male-breast-cancer-understanding-a-rare-condition/369561.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Sarah ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What factors are associated with the development of male breast cancer (MBC)?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The review identifies BRCA2 mutations, hormonal imbalances (estrogen and testosterone levels), and family history of breast cancer as key risk factors influencing MBC development.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why is survival in male breast cancer often poorer than in female breast cancer?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"MBC is frequently diagnosed at later stages because men lack routine screening, which contributes to poorer survival outcomes compared with female breast cancer.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How is MBC typically treated and what psychosocial issues may occur?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Treatment generally mirrors female breast cancer strategies, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapies. The review notes psychosocial effects in men, such as stigma, body image concerns, and perceptions of masculinity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},369561,1790247105,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":41},962085320529,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","ONCOLOGY RESEARCH 2025 33(6): 1289-1300 REVIEW  \nComprehensive review of male breast cancer: Understanding a rare condition  \nABDUR JAMIL 1; RIMSHA SIDDIQUE2; FARYAL ALTAF3; DANIYAL WARRAICH4; FAIZAN AHMED5; ZAHEER QURESHI6,*  \n1 Department of Medicine, Samaritan Medical Centre, Watertown, NY 13601, USA  \n2 Independent Research Associate, Watertown, NY 13601, USA  \n3 Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai/BronxCare Health System, New York, NY 10457, USA  \n4 Department of Internal Medicine, Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal, 57040, Pakistan  \n5 Division of Cardiology, Duke University Hospital, Durham, NC 27710, USA  \n6 Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University, Bridgeport, CT 06473, USA  \nKey words: Male breast cancer (MBC), Survival analysis, Genetic mutations, Hormone therapy, Targeted therapy, BRCA mutations, Hormonal imbalance  \nAbstract: Background: Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare but significant health concern, accounting for less than 1% of all breast cancer cases. Despite its low incidence, it presents unique clinical, genetic, and psychosocial challenges. Genetic predispositions, including BRCA2 mutations and hormonal imbalances, are key factors influencing the development of MBC. However, the rarity of the condition has led to limited research and fewer treatment guidelines specifically for male patients. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Embase databases to identify studies focusing on the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and psychosocial impacts of male breast cancer. Articles were selected based on relevance, peer-review status, and focus on MBC in male patients. Data were synthesized narratively, and findings were contextualized based on the methodology and design of included studies. Results: The review identified several significant risk factors for MBC, including BRCA2 mutations, hormonal imbalances (particularly estrogen and testosterone levels), and family history of breast cancer. MBC is often diagnosed at later stages due to the absence of routine screening in men, resulting in poorer survival outcomes compared to female breast cancer. Treatment strategies for MBC largely mirror those for women, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapies. However, the psychosocial impacts of MBC are unique to men, with issues such as stigma, body image concerns, and societal perceptions of masculinity. Conclusions: Male breast cancer remains an understudied area of oncology, with significant gaps in research related to early detection, targeted therapies, and long-term care. Collaborative international research efforts, such as the MERGE consortium and the International Male Breast Cancer Program, are essential for improving understanding and treatment outcomes.  \nGenetic counseling, early screening, and personalized treatment approaches are crucial in managing the disease.  \nFurther research focusing on the molecular basis of MBC, along with the psychosocial needs of affected men, is  \nnecessary to enhance both survival rates and quality of life for male breast cancer patients.  \nIntroduction  \nBreast cancer is commonly thought to affect women primarily, but it is crucial to understand that men can also be affected by this disease [1] . While male breast cancer is uncommon, it is a significant health concern that deserves  \n*Address correspondence to: Zaheer Qureshi, [zaheerqureshimd@gmail.com](zaheerqureshimd@gmail.com)  \nReceived: 21 September 2024; Accepted: 28 January 2025;  \nPublished: 29 May 2025  \nthorough investigation and heightened awareness [2] . Eventhough male breast cancer is rare, it should not minimize the significance of comprehending and effectively addressing this disease, given its profound physical and psychological impacts on those affected [3] .  \nMale breast cancer is scarce, making up less than 1% of all breast cancer cases w","cbCairvW5m5HEHKM","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairvW5m5HEHKM","pdf",276922,12,"English","# Abstract\n## Background and challenges\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Introduction\n## Epidemiology and demographics\n## Incidence and regional variation","[{\"question\":\"What factors are associated with the development of male breast cancer (MBC)?\",\"answer\":\"The review identifies BRCA2 mutations, hormonal imbalances (estrogen and testosterone levels), and family history of breast cancer as key risk factors influencing MBC development.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is survival in male breast cancer often poorer than in female breast cancer?\",\"answer\":\"MBC is frequently diagnosed at later stages because men lack routine screening, which contributes to poorer survival outcomes compared with female breast cancer.\"},{\"question\":\"How is MBC typically treated and what psychosocial issues may occur?\",\"answer\":\"Treatment generally mirrors female breast cancer strategies, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapies. The review notes psychosocial effects in men, such as stigma, body image concerns, and perceptions of masculinity.\"}]","Comprehensive review of male breast cancer: Understanding a rare condition | PDF",1790183432]