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The study builds a 5-criterion-layer, 45-indicator evaluation index system and applies entropy weighting, linear weighting, coupling coordination degree (CCD), and obstacle-degree modeling to trace 2000–2022 changes. Results show overall improvement from medium to very high safety, CCD consistently above 0.98, coordination shifting to basic coordination, and driving force as the primary constraint.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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(2008–2022).",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"Which systemic obstacle is identified as the primary constraint?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Obstacle analysis identifies the driving force dimension as the primary systemic obstacle, and dominant metric-level obstacles shift from engineering-ecological-economic factors toward social-economic-management factors by 2022.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},639757,1792705116,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & 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[homepage:](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/watres)[ www.elsevier.com/locate/watres](homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/watres)  \nComprehensive evaluation and obstacle factor analysis of water security in   Heilongjiang Province based on water footprint  \nLili Jiang a, Chong Dua,*, Siyuan Tana,*, Zhongxue Zhang b, Tangzhe Niea, Tiecheng Li c, Peng Chend, Changlei Daia  \na School of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China  \nb School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China c Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China d College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 211100, China  \nH I G H L I G H T S G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T  \n\n| • Water security transitioned from medium to very high safety during 2000- 2022 in Heilongjiang Province.\u003Cbr>• System coupling degree exceeded 0.98 while coordination improved to basic coordination.\u003Cbr>• Driving force criterion layer emerged asthe primary systemic obstacle.\u003Cbr>• Dominant obstacles shifted from engineering-ecological-economic to social-economic-management factors.\u003Cbr>• A novel water footprint-DPSIR framework integrated blue, green, and grey water dimensions. |\n| --- |\n| A R T I C L E I N F O |\n\nKeywords:  \nWater security  \nWater footprint theory DPSIR model  \nCoupling coordination degree Heilongjiang Province  \n\n| |\n| --- |\n| A B S T R A C T |\n\nAgainst the backdrop of intensifying global climate change and rapid socioeconomic development, water security (WS) has become a critical constraint on sustainable development in Heilongjiang Province. This study integrates water footprint theory and the Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model to construct a WS evaluation index system comprising 5 criterion layers and 45 indicators. Utilizing an integrated approach comprising the entropy weighting method, linear weighting method, coupling coordination degree (CCD) model, and obstacle degree model, the research systematically analyzes the evolution and obstacle factors of WS system in Heilongjiang Province from 2000 to 2022. The results indicate that: (1) The WS system in Heilongjiang Province exhibited an overall positive trend, progressed from medium safety (2000-2002) to high safety (2003- 2007) and ultimately to very high safety (2008-2022). Despite overall improvement, disparities in development rates of these layers resulted in persistent systemic imbalances. (2) The system coupling degree consistently exceeded 0.98 (high coupling), while coordination shifted from moderate imbalance (2000-2018) to basic coordination (2019-2022). A significant positive correlation existed between CCD and water security index (WSI).  \n(3) Obstacle analysis identified the driving force dimension as the primary constraint. Dominant obstacle factors at the specific metrics level transitioned from engineering-ecological-economic factors in 2000 towards social-  \n* Corresponding authors.  \nE-mail addresses: [2005129@hlju.edu.cn](2005129@hlju.edu.cn) (C. Du), [2023034@hlju.edu.cn](2023034@hlju.edu.cn) (S. Tan).  \n[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.125314](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2025.125314)  \nReceived 25 August 2025; Received in revised form 9 December 2025; Accepted 31 December 2025 Available online 1 January 2026  \n0043-1354/© 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.  \nL. Jiang et al. Water Research 292 (2026) 125314  \neconomic-management factors in 2022. This study could provide a scientific basis for sustainable water resource management in Heilongjiang Province and offer a valuable reference for WS evaluation in comparable regions.  \n1. Introduction  \nWater resources constitute a stra","cbCaieGWAsOxS7KF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieGWAsOxS7KF","pdf",2123684,14,"English","# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods\n## Water footprint-DPSIR evaluation system\n## Weighting, coupling coordination degree, and obstacle models\n# Results and Discussion\n## Spatiotemporal evolution of water security\n## Coupling coordination degree trends\n## Obstacle factor identification\n# Conclusions","[{\"question\":\"How is water security in Heilongjiang Province evaluated in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study integrates water footprint theory with the DPSIR model, constructing an evaluation index system with 5 criterion layers and 45 indicators, then applies entropy and linear weighting plus coupling coordination and obstacle-degree methods.\"},{\"question\":\"What overall trend in water security is reported for 2000–2022?\",\"answer\":\"Water security shows an overall positive trend, moving from medium safety (2000–2002) to high safety (2003–2007) and finally to very high safety (2008–2022).\"},{\"question\":\"Which systemic obstacle is identified as the primary constraint?\",\"answer\":\"Obstacle analysis identifies the driving force dimension as the primary systemic obstacle, and dominant metric-level obstacles shift from engineering-ecological-economic factors toward social-economic-management factors by 2022.\"}]","Comprehensive evaluation and obstacle factor analysis of water security in Heilongjiang Province based on water footprint | PDF",35]