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The text outlines the decline of psychoanalysis and the rise of client-centered therapy, behavior therapy, and cognitive-behavior therapy, highlighting evidence-based evaluation and effective nonmedical 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Science Ltd. All rights reserved.  \nComprehensive Clinical Psychology  \nCopyright © 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.  \nShortcut URL to this page:  \nEditors-in-Chief: Alan S. Bellack and Michel Hersen  \nTable of Contents  \nIntroduction  \nVolume 1: Foundations  \nVolume 2: Professional Issues  \nVolume 3: Research Methods  \nVolume 4: Assessment  \nVolume 5: Children & Adolescents: Clinical Formulation & Treatment  \nVolume 6: Adults: Clinical Formulation & Treatment  \nVolume 7: Clinical Geropsychology  \nVolume 8: Health Psychology  \nVolume 9: Applications in Diverse Populations  \nVolume 10: Sociocultural and Individual Differences  \nIntroduction to Comprehensive Clinical Psychology  \nCo-Editors-in-Chief  \nAlan S. Bellack and Michel Hersen  \nBackground  \nClinical psychology is a relatively new field. While its roots can be traced back to at least the late nineteenth century, its evolution as a distinct academic discipline and profession dates only to the Second World War. The first  \n20 years of this postwar period saw steady, albeit nonspectacular, growth. Based substantially in the United States and Europe during this period, the study of clinical psychology developed as an alternative to medical school and psychiatry for many students interested in clinical service careers or the scientific study of human behavior. Postgraduate training was conducted exclusively in large university psychology departments within a strict scientist¯practitioner model. The total number of Ph.D. candidates admitted to graduate school programs each year was relatively small; there were fewer than 50 accredited programs in the United States during much of this period, each admitting only 5¯ 10 students. The number of new Ph.D.'s produced each year was substantially less, as many students failed to complete the rigorous scientific requirements of these elite programs. Career opportunities were similarly delimited, due in no small part to restraints on clinical practice imposed by psychiatrists and other physicians. The dominant form of psychotherapy was psychoanalysis, and psychologists were either excluded from psychoanalytic institutes or trained only as lay analysts who were proscribed from clinical practice. Few jurisdictions awarded licenses for independent practice, and psychologists generally were not reimbursed for their activities unless they worked under the direction of a physician. A sizable minority of clinical psychologists followed their mentors into university positions, teaching and conducting research. The majority, who were more interested in clinical service, opted for work in large psychiatric or Veterans Administration hospitals, where the modal activity was psychological testing; verbal psychotherapy was provided at the discretion of medical supervisors. A gradually increasing number of psychologists elected to be in private practice, where there was a greater professional autonomy. Medical hegemony over services for psychiatric disorders was even greater in Europe and Latin America.  \nThe last 30 years has witnessed a massive change in the profession, stimulated by a number of scientific, clinical, and economic factors. Psychoanalysis gradually fell out of favor due to a dearth of data on its effectiveness and a desire for shorter term treatments that were not the primary purview of psychiatrists. First, client-centered therapy and then behavior therapy emerged as brief, highly effective alternatives. The former was entirely a product of clinical psychology, and was the intellectual and technical forebear of the current mandate for empirical evaluation of psychotherapies.  \nCarl Rogers, his colleagues, and students were the first to demonstrate the feasibility of careful, objective evaluation of the therapy process as well as outcome. While behavior therapy owes much of its legacy to psychiatrists such as Joseph Wolpe, it was substantially a product of ac","cbCaidmij73A9P4W","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidmij73A9P4W","pdf",6031119,508,"English","# Introduction to Comprehensive Clinical Psychology\n## Background\n## Editors-in-Chief","[{\"question\":\"What were the main characteristics of early clinical psychology training after World War II?\",\"answer\":\"Training occurred in large university psychology departments under a strict scientist-practitioner model, with a small number of accredited programs and stringent requirements that limited completion.\"},{\"question\":\"Why did psychoanalysis lose favor in clinical psychology over time?\",\"answer\":\"It fell out of favor due to limited data on its effectiveness and growing demand for shorter-term treatments that were not the primary focus of psychiatrists.\"},{\"question\":\"How did behavior therapy and cognitive-behavior therapy become prominent?\",\"answer\":\"Behavior therapy emerged as a scientifically grounded alternative rooted in learning theory, then expanded and merged with cognitive therapy developed by Beck and Ellis, especially as the limitations of behavior therapy alone became clear.\"}]","Comprehensive Clinical Psychology - Introduction to Comprehensive Clinical Psychology | PDF",1789976226,1280]