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This article maps key features of shadow education and explains how contextual forces shape it across the six GCC members—Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. 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The Middle East is no exception, though the phenomenon has received relatively little attention in the English-language literature. This article maps some key features of shadow education, identifying ways in which contextual forces have shaped it.  \nDesign/Approach/Methods: The article focuses on patterns across and within the six members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), namely Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. It draws on literature in both Arabic and English and shows the value of multiple units of comparison.  \nFindings: Private tutoring has a long history as a significant phenomenon in some GCC countries, but in others developed more recently. Some governments have had active policies to dampen the phenomenon, but with little success. Factors in the complex dynamics include social, economic and cultural forces.  \nCorresponding author:  \nMark Bray, Comparative Education Research Centre, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China. Email: mbray@hku.hk  \nCreative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative  \nCommons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ([https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage](https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage)).  \nOriginality/Value: The article assembles literature from around the region, noting both commonalities and diversities among GCC members. It contributes to the global literature by providing the regional mapping from this specific part of the world and by showing comparisons with other world regions.  \nKeywords  \nCultural forces, Gulf Cooperation Council, Middle East, policies, private tutoring, shadow education  \nDate received: 28 February 2022; revised: 1 June 2022; accepted: 6 June 2022  \nAt the outset of the 20th century, Sir Michael Sadler (1900, p. 309), widely viewed as a key historical figure in the field of comparative education (Phillips, 2020), stressed the importance of context for understanding the nature of education. In an oft-quoted phrase, he wrote (p. 310) that:  \nIn studying foreign systems of Education we should not forget that the things outside the schools matter even more than the things inside the schools, and govern and interpret the things inside.  \nIn the same vein, a century later Crossley and Jarvis (2001, p. 405) stressed in the journal Comparative Education “the significance of context, at all levels and in many forms,” and particularly the tensions between the global and the local. Both works also highlighted the importance of historical analysis.“A national system of Education,” wrote Sadler (1900, p. 310),“is a living thing, the outcome of forgotten struggles and difficulties and ‘of battles long ago,’” and in echo, Crossley and Jarvis (2001, p. 406) stressed “the importance of a sense of history in understanding our various worlds.”  \nThe present paper, taking these","cbCaieUDl8zw9OAU","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieUDl8zw9OAU","pdf",531745,24,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction and Theoretical Framing\n## Context as a Key to Understanding Education\n## The Bray & Thomas Cube and Multilevel Analysis\n# Focus on the GCC and Comparative Scope\n## Member Countries and Diversity\n## Comparison with Other World Regions","[{\"question\":\"What is “shadow education” in this article?\",\"answer\":\"Shadow education refers to private supplementary tutoring that mimics regular schooling patterns. The article treats it as an increasingly visible phenomenon in the Middle East.\"},{\"question\":\"Which countries are included in the GCC focus?\",\"answer\":\"The six GCC members studied are Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article analyze shadow education?\",\"answer\":\"It draws on Arabic and English literature and emphasizes multiple units of comparison. It also uses multilevel analysis informed by the Bray and Thomas cube alongside historical and contextual dimensions.\"}]","Complexity of the Contexts - Features of Private Tutoring and Units for Comparison in the GCC Countries of the Middle East | PDF",1792092718]