[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-657743-105":59,"doc-detail-657743-en":134},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":127,"head_meta":129,"extra_data":131,"updated_unix":133},105,"en","complexion-time-temperature-transformation-ttt-diagrams-opportunities-and-challenges","Complexion time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams: Opportunities and challenges","","Grain boundaries and other interfaces can undergo complexion transitions between thermodynamic states, producing discontinuous changes in mobility, diffusivity, and cohesive strength. Complexion-transition kinetics have been underexplored, but can be mapped using time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams. An experimental complexion TTT diagram is presented for polycrystalline Eu-doped spinel annealed at 1400–1800 °C, revealing a bimodal grain-size microstructure and identifying transition times within this temperature range. The resulting grain-boundary complexion TTT diagram enables more effective interface property control in polycrystalline metals and ceramics.",{"@graph":69,"@context":126},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/complexion-time-temperature-transformation-ttt-diagrams-opportunities-and-challenges/657743/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/complexion-time-temperature-transformation-ttt-diagrams-opportunities-and-challenges/657743.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Franzy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118,122],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is a complexion transition and why does it matter?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Complexion transitions are phase-like changes of grain boundaries or other interfaces from one equilibrium thermodynamic state to another. They can cause discontinuous changes in interface properties such as mobility, diffusivity, and cohesive strength, strongly affecting macroscopic material behavior.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How are complexion-transition kinetics represented in this work?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Because complexion transitions take time to occur, their kinetics can be represented using time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams, analogous to bulk phase-transformation TTT diagrams.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What experimental system and temperature range are used to build the complexion TTT diagram?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study presents an experimental complexion TTT diagram for polycrystalline Eu-doped spinel annealed at 1400–1800 °C, where a bimodal grain-size distribution indicates a complexion transition within that range.",{"name":123,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":124},"What is the key practical value of experimental complexion TTT diagrams?",{"text":125,"@type":113},"They provide a useful framework for manipulating the properties of internal interfaces in polycrystalline metals and ceramics, and their development is expected to impact grain-boundary engineering.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":128,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":130,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":132,"site_id":62},657743,1793120925,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":135},{"doc_id":132,"user_id":136,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":137,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":138,"file_id":139,"file_url":140,"file_type":141,"file_size":142,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":143,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":144,"faqs":145,"seo_title":146,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":147,"read_time":46},2336478945519,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 20 (2016) 316–323  \nContents lists available at ScienceDirect  \nCurrent Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science  \njournal [homepage: www. elsevier. com/locate/cossms](homepage: www. elsevier. com/locate/cossms)  \nComplexion time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams: Opportunities and challenges  \nOnthida Schumacher a, Christopher J. Marvel a, Madeleine N. Kelly b, Patrick R. Cantwell c, ⇑, Richard P. Vinci a, Jeffrey M. Rickman a, Gregory S. Rohrer b, Martin P. Harmer a  \na Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, 5 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA b Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USAc Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, 5500 Wabash Avenue, Terre Haute, IN 47803, USA  \n\n| a r t i c l e i n f o |  | a b s t r a c t |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Article history:\u003Cbr>Received 18 January 2016\u003Cbr>Revised 5 May 2016\u003Cbr>Accepted 8 May 2016\u003Cbr>Available online 19 May 2016 |  | Grain boundaries and other interfaces can undergo complexion transitions from one thermodynamic state to another, resulting in discontinuous changes in interface properties such as diffusivity, mobility, and cohesive strength. The kinetics of such complexion transitions has been largely overlooked until recently. Just as with bulk phase transformations, complexion transition kinetics can be represented on time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams. An experimental complexion TTT diagram is presented here for polycrystalline Eu-doped spinel annealed at 1400–1800 !C. This material developed amicrostructure with a bimodal grain size distribution, indicating that a complexion transition occurs within this temperature range. The time and temperature dependence of this complexion transition was analyzed and used to produce a grain-boundary complexion TTT diagram for this system. Complexion TTT diagrams have the potential to be remarkably useful tools for manipulating the properties of internal interfaces in polycrystalline metals and ceramics. The development of experimental complexion TTT diagrams is likely to have an important impact on the field of grain-boundary engineering, and hence the development of these experimental diagrams should be an intense area of focus in the coming years.\u003Cbr>\" 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |\n| Keywords:\u003Cbr>TTT diagram\u003Cbr>Grain boundary complexions Magnesium aluminate spinel Abnormal grain growth |  |  |\n\n1. Introduction  \nDavenport and Bain made a pivotal breakthrough in our understanding of bulk phase kinetics when they introduced the first experimental time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams in 1930, which were based on a detailed and extensive study of steel phase transformation kinetics [1]. These TTT diagrams were revolutionary because they offered a simple and easily understood visual representation of a complicated and often mysterious process. The power and utility of TTT diagrams was immediately recognized, and the subsequent widespread usage of these diagrams enabled rapid progress in the processing and heat treatment of steel and other alloys.  \nInterfaces such as grain boundaries can also exhibit phase-like behavior [2], transforming from one equilibrium state to another as a function of thermodynamic variables in a process known asa complexion transition [3]. Complexion transitions are important because they are often accompanied by discontinuous changes in  \n⇑ Corresponding author.  \nE-mail address: [cantwep@rose-hulman.edu](cantwep@rose-hulman.edu) (P.R. Cantwell).  \ngrain-boundary properties such as mobility, diffusivity, and cohesive strength, and hence these transitions can dramatically influence the macroscopic properties of materials [3]. Although the study of complexion transitions dates back decades, as summarized in recent review articles [3,4], the kinetics of complexion tra","cbCaicc5QbNBjNU8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicc5QbNBjNU8","pdf",2439712,"English","# Introduction\n## Complexion transitions and TTT concepts\n## Differences between bulk-phase and grain-boundary TTT diagrams","[{\"question\":\"What is a complexion transition and why does it matter?\",\"answer\":\"Complexion transitions are phase-like changes of grain boundaries or other interfaces from one equilibrium thermodynamic state to another. They can cause discontinuous changes in interface properties such as mobility, diffusivity, and cohesive strength, strongly affecting macroscopic material behavior.\"},{\"question\":\"How are complexion-transition kinetics represented in this work?\",\"answer\":\"Because complexion transitions take time to occur, their kinetics can be represented using time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams, analogous to bulk phase-transformation TTT diagrams.\"},{\"question\":\"What experimental system and temperature range are used to build the complexion TTT diagram?\",\"answer\":\"The study presents an experimental complexion TTT diagram for polycrystalline Eu-doped spinel annealed at 1400–1800 °C, where a bimodal grain-size distribution indicates a complexion transition within that range.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the key practical value of experimental complexion TTT diagrams?\",\"answer\":\"They provide a useful framework for manipulating the properties of internal interfaces in polycrystalline metals and ceramics, and their development is expected to impact grain-boundary engineering.\"}]","Complexion time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams: Opportunities and challenges | PDF",1792987727]