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The work highlights stage and survival differences, including state-level variability, emphasizing late diagnosis and metastasis driving poor outcomes.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/comparison-of-prognostic-factors-for-merkel-cell-carcinoma-mucosal-melanoma-and-cutaneous-malignant-melanoma-insights-into-their-etiologies/377778/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/comparison-of-prognostic-factors-for-merkel-cell-carcinoma-mucosal-melanoma-and-cutaneous-malignant-melanoma-insights-into-their-etiologies/377778.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Noah","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",10,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What data source was used to compare MCC and MM with cutaneous malignant melanoma?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The study used the US National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program data.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How did incidence rates change from 2000 to 2019 for CMM, MCC, and MM?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Incidence rates increased over time, and MM tripled between 2000–2009 and 2010–2019. 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Dennis 1, *, Heidi E. Brown 1 and Amanda K. Arrington 2  \nCitation: Dennis, L.K.; Brown, H.E.; Arrington, A.K. Comparison of Prognostic Factors for Merkel Cell Carcinoma, Mucosal Melanoma and Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma: Insights into Their Etiologies. Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30, 3974–3988 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)curroncol30040301  \nReceived: 28 February 2023  \nRevised: 26 March 2023  \nAccepted: 28 March 2023  \nPublished: 31 March 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; [heidibrown@arizona.edu](heidibrown@arizona.edu)  \n2 Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; [akarrington@houstonmethodist.org](akarrington@houstonmethodist.org)  \n* Correspondence: [ldennis@arizona.edu](ldennis@arizona.edu)  \nAbstract: Little is known about the epidemiology of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) and mucosal melanoma (MM). Using the United States (US) National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program data, we compared MCC and MM with cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) with respect to incidence rates and prognostic factors to better understand disease etiologies. We describe the proportional incidences of the three cancers along with their survival rates based on 20 years of national data. The incidence rates in 2000–2019 were 203.7 per 1,000,000 people for CMM, 5.9 per 1,000,000 people for MCC and 0.1 per 1,000,000 people for MM. The rates of these cancers increased over time, with the rate of MM tripling between 2000–2009 and 2010–2019 . The incidences of these cancers increased with age and rates were highest among non-Hispanic Whites. Fewer MCCs and MMS were diagnosed at the local stage compared with CMM. The cases in the 22 SEER registries in California were not proportional to the 2020 population census but instead were higher than expected for CMM and MCC and lower than expected for MM. Conversely, MM rates were higher than expected in Texas and New York. These analyses highlight similarities in the incidence rates of CMM and MCC—and differences between them and MM rates—by state. Understanding more about MCC and MM is important because of their higher potential for late diagnosis and metastasis, which lead to poor survival.  \nKeywords: cutaneous melanoma; epidemiology; etiology; Merkel cell carcinoma; mucosal melanoma; SEER Program  \n1. Introduction  \nMany skin cancers are associated with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) through sun exposure and artificial tanning devices. Cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) and Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) are categories of malignant skin cancers. CMMs are neoplasms that develop in melanocytes. Merkel cells are found in the top layer of the skin, close to the nerve endings that receive the sensation of touch. CMM and MCC do not have symptoms like non-skin cancers such as pain. MCC typically presents as a solitary, painless pink nodule on sun-exposed skin [1–3] . MCC is an aggressive skin cancer with high mortality [1–6] . Mucosal melanomas (MMs) arise in the mucosal epithelium and are very rare [7–9] . MMs show symptoms later in their progression, including bleeding and discoloration in most locations where they occur.  \nCMM etiology is fairly well described, with increased risk observed in fair-skinned individuals [10] . CMM is associated with intermittent sun exposure [1","cbCaioFFmv63SazK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioFFmv63SazK","pdf",2584494,15,"English","# Introduction\n## Background on skin cancer and relevant tumor types\n## Known and less-known etiologies of MCC and MM\n# Abstract\n## Study aim and data source (SEER)\n## Comparative outcomes: incidence, stage, and survival","[{\"question\":\"What data source was used to compare MCC and MM with cutaneous malignant melanoma?\",\"answer\":\"The study used the US National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program data.\"},{\"question\":\"How did incidence rates change from 2000 to 2019 for CMM, MCC, and MM?\",\"answer\":\"Incidence rates increased over time, and MM tripled between 2000–2009 and 2010–2019. Reported rates in 2000–2019 were higher for CMM than MCC, with MM much rarer.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are MCC and MM clinically concerning despite low incidence?\",\"answer\":\"Their true impact lies in later diagnosis, higher metastasis rates, and overall poor survival outcomes, which are associated with aggressive disease progression.\"}]","Comparison of Prognostic Factors for Merkel Cell Carcinoma, Mucosal Melanoma and Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma - Insights into Their Etiologies | PDF",1790227098,38]