[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-457487-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-457487-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","comparison-of-chatbots-accuracy-in-endodontics-questions-in-dentistry-specialization-exam-inturkiye-research-open-access","Comparison of chatbots’ accuracy in endodontics questions in dentistry specialization exam inTürkiye - Research open access","","Study evaluates the performance of ChatGPT-4o, Gemini Advanced, Microsoft Copilot, and Claude on endodontic questions from the Turkish Dentistry Specialization Exam (DUS) using topic, year, and Bloom’s taxonomy. Accuracy was measured across 122 questions administered as new chats, then compared by year, topic, and cognitive level. Results show broadly similar overall accuracy and improved performance on earlier exam years, with several significant differences by chatbot and Bloom’s level. Findings address reliability and limitations for AI chatbot use in dental education.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/comparison-of-chatbots-accuracy-in-endodontics-questions-in-dentistry-specialization-exam-inturkiye-research-open-access/457487/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/comparison-of-chatbots-accuracy-in-endodontics-questions-in-dentistry-specialization-exam-inturkiye-research-open-access/457487.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"4398046744996","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Which chatbots were compared for endodontics exam questions?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"ChatGPT-4o, Gemini Advanced, Microsoft Copilot, and Claude were assessed.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How was accuracy evaluated in the study?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Accuracy was calculated using 122 endodontic questions from the DUS (2012–2021). Each question was given to the chatbots in a new chat, and results were compared by year, topic, and Bloom’s taxonomy.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What were the main findings about overall accuracy and exam year?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Overall accuracy rates among the chatbots were similar. Copilot and Claude showed significantly higher accuracy for exams in 2012–2015 compared with 2016–2021.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},457487,1791124469,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":11,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":116,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},4398046744996,"Turan Gökduman et al. BMCOral Health (2026) 26:28 BMC Oral Health  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-07346-8](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-025-07346-8)  \nRESEARCH Open Access  \nComparison of chatbots’ accuracy in endodontics questions in dentistry specialization exam inTürkiye: ChatGPT-4o, Gemini Advanced, Copilot, and Claude  \nCerenTuran Gökduman 1, Esra Arılı Öztürk2*, Şule Aktaş 1 and Burhan Can Çanakç̇i1  \nAbstract  \nBackground The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of various chatbots (ChatGPT-4o, Gemini Advanced, Microsoft Copilot, and Claude) on endodontic questions in the Turkish Dentistry Specialization Exam (DUS) based on topic, year, and Bloom’s taxonomy. Additionally, the study aimed to contribute to the use of artificial intelligence chatbots as a supplementary learning tool by evaluating their reliability and limitations in dental education.  \nMethods The accuracy rates of ChatGPT-4o, Gemini Advanced, Microsoft Copilot, and Claude were assessed using 122 endodontic questions from the DUS between 2012 and 2021. Each question was given to the chatbots in a new chat. Accuracy rates were compared based on year, topic, and Bloom’s taxonomy.  \nResults The accuracy rates ofthe chatbots were similar: 82 . 8% for ChatGPT-4o, 83. 6% for Gemini Advanced, 77. 9% for Copilot, and 82 . 8% for Claude. Additionally, the accuracy of Copilot and Claude was significantly higher during 2012– 2015 compared to 2016–2021 (p = 0 . 020; p = 0 . 018) . According to Bloom’s taxonomy, ChatGPT-4o, Copilot, and Claude showed higher accuracy in 2012–2015 than in 2016–2021 on low-level questions (p = 0 . 040; p = 0 . 011; p = 0 . 005) . Conclusions Within the limitations of this study, chatbots showed similar overall accuracy and performed better on earlier exams.  \nKeywords Artificial intelligence, Accuracy, Dental education, Endodontology  \n*Correspondence:  \nEsra Arılı Öztürk  \n[dtesraarili@gmail.com](dtesraarili@gmail.com)  \n1Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Trakya University, Edirne, Türkiye  \n2Private Clinic, Edirne, Türkiye  \n© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creati](http://creati)[vecommons.org/l](vecommons.org/l)icenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.  \nTuran Gökduman et al. BMC Oral Health (2026) 26:28  \nBackground  \nArtificial intelligence (AI) refers to the use of computer technology to simulate human intelligence. The potential of AI in decision-making, problem-solving, and mimicking human cognition has recently received increasing attention [1]. Large language models (LLMs) are pre-trained multilayered deep neural networks that use contextual interactions between words and phrases to predict the probability of the next word sequence [1].  \nThe converter and attention mechanism that forms the basis of LLMs create a context based on the input information and produce appropriate responses [2]. LLMs can process natural language content, including text generation, editing, and summarization [2]. Despite their high potency, LLMs sometimes induce false hallucinatory res","cbCaihEC0l1TvZIQ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihEC0l1TvZIQ","pdf",1644159,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Background\n## AI and large language models\n## Chatbot platforms and capabilities\n## Factors affecting performance\n## Applications in dental education and healthcare","[{\"question\":\"Which chatbots were compared for endodontics exam questions?\",\"answer\":\"ChatGPT-4o, Gemini Advanced, Microsoft Copilot, and Claude were assessed.\"},{\"question\":\"How was accuracy evaluated in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Accuracy was calculated using 122 endodontic questions from the DUS (2012–2021). Each question was given to the chatbots in a new chat, and results were compared by year, topic, and Bloom’s taxonomy.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main findings about overall accuracy and exam year?\",\"answer\":\"Overall accuracy rates among the chatbots were similar. Copilot and Claude showed significantly higher accuracy for exams in 2012–2015 compared with 2016–2021.\"}]","Comparison of chatbots’ accuracy in endodontics questions in dentistry specialization exam inTürkiye - Research open access | PDF",1790749484,23]