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The PF group used vocabulary learning strategies (VLSs)—dropping, association, and oral rehearsal—while the DF group used Quizlet and Cram. Fifty-two students completed a 12-week intervention with pre- and post-tests. Both groups improved significantly, but gain differences were not significant. A 10-item survey showed more favorable attitudes toward DFs.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/comparing-the-efficacy-of-digital-flashcards-versus-paper-flashcards-to-improve-l2-vocabulary-research-paper/159492/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/comparing-the-efficacy-of-digital-flashcards-versus-paper-flashcards-to-improve-l2-vocabulary-research-paper/159492.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Seraphina","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-07","2026-08-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",16,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the primary purpose of comparing digital and paper flashcards in this study?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The study examines whether receptive and productive L2 vocabulary gains differ between learners using PFs with vocabulary learning strategies and learners using DF tools (Quizlet and Cram).","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How many learners participated, and what was the study duration?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"A total of 52 EFL students from two Japanese universities participated in a 12-week study, with pre- and post-tests to measure vocabulary gains.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What do the results and survey indicate about preferences for DFs versus PFs?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Both groups showed significant improvements in receptive and productive vocabulary, and the difference in gains was not significant. The survey found higher agreement in the experimental group, suggesting students viewed DFs more favorably than PFs.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},159492,1788018912,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145},962075114101,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e000253a75eb197efd?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780044092746381165","Research paper  \nComparing the efficacy of digital flashcards versus paper flashcards to improve receptive and productive  \nL2 vocabulary  \nGilbert Dizon* and Daniel Tang**  \n*Himeji Dokkyo University, Japan | Otemae University, Japan  \n*[gdizon@gm.himeji-du.ac.jp](gdizon@gm.himeji-du.ac.jp |)[ |](gdizon@gm.himeji-du.ac.jp |) **[dtang@otemae.ac.jp](dtang@otemae.ac.jp)  \nAbstract  \nSeveral researchers have compared the efficacy of digital flashcards (DFs) versus paper flashcards (PFs) to improve L2 vocabulary and have concluded that using DFs is more effective (Azabdaftari & Mozaheb, 2012; Başoğlu & Akdemir, 2010; Kiliçkaya & Krajka, 2010) . However, these studies did not utilize vocabulary learning strategies (VLSs) as away to support the vocabulary development of those using PFs. This is significant because DFs often offer a range of features to promote vocabulary development, whereas PFs are much more basic; thus, learners who study via paper materials are ata disadvantage compared with those who use DFs. Given the success that VLSs have had in fostering L2 vocabulary enhancement (e.g., Mizumoto & Takeuchi, 2009), their incorporation could have influenced the previous studies. Therefore, one of the primary aims of this study was to find if there were significant differences in receptive and productive L2 vocabulary improvements between students who used PFs in conjunction with 3 VLSs – dropping, association, and oral rehearsal – and those who used the DF tools Quizlet and Cram . Additionally, the researchers examined the learners’ opinions to see if there was a preference for either study method. A total of 52 EFL students at two Japanese universities participated in the 12-week study. Pre- and post-tests were administered to measure the vocabulary gains in the PF group (n = 26) and the DF group (n = 26) . Results from a paired t-test revealed that both groups made significant improvements in receptive and productive vocabulary. However, the difference between the gains was not significant, which contrasts with past comparison studies of DFs and PFs and highlights the importance of VLSs. A 10-item survey with closed and Likertscale questions was also administered to determine the participants’ opinions towards the study methods. Higher levels of agreement were found in the experimental group, indicating that the students viewed DFs more favorably than PFs.  \nKeywords: L2 vocabulary, flashcards, computer-assisted language learning, EFL.  \n1. Introduction  \nTechnological advancements have touched on every aspect of our lives, and vocabulary acquisition is no exception . Increasing affordability and accessibility to the Internet and personal computing devices now means learners have a wide variety of digital flashcard (DF) tools, such as Quizlet and Cram, at their disposal. However, research into the efficacy of DFs versus paper flashcards (PFs) in L2 vocabulary acquisition has not been widespread. Of these studies, most have found DFs to be more effective than PFs (Azabdaftari & Mozaheb, 2012; Başoğlu & Akdemir, 2010; Kiliçkaya & Krajka, 2010); however, these studies did not incorporate vocabulary learning strategies (VLSs), which might have leveled the playing field considering PFs are relatively simple compared with  \n[https://doi.org/10.4995/eurocall.2017.6964](https://doi.org/10.4995/eurocall.2017.6964)  \nthe numerous features that are offered through most DF systems. Thus, one of the primary quantitative aims of this paper was to fill this gap in the literature by examining what, if any, vocabulary gains are made when learners use VLSs together with PFs, in comparison to learners who use DFs. Qualitatively, the authors also wanted to systemically survey learners via a questionnaire to ascertain if the ubiquity, convenience and entertainment value of DFs are seen as advantages in the Japanese EFL context, as they were in other studies (e.g., Başoğlu & Akdemir, 2010) . Once again, very limited research exists in the East As","cbCaidwZTeUBEgee","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidwZTeUBEgee","pdf",307380,13,"English","# Introduction\n## Research aims and context\n# Literature review\n## Receptive vs. productive L2 vocabulary learning\n## Digital flashcards vs. paper flashcards","[{\"question\":\"What is the primary purpose of comparing digital and paper flashcards in this study?\",\"answer\":\"The study examines whether receptive and productive L2 vocabulary gains differ between learners using PFs with vocabulary learning strategies and learners using DF tools (Quizlet and Cram).\"},{\"question\":\"How many learners participated, and what was the study duration?\",\"answer\":\"A total of 52 EFL students from two Japanese universities participated in a 12-week study, with pre- and post-tests to measure vocabulary gains.\"},{\"question\":\"What do the results and survey indicate about preferences for DFs versus PFs?\",\"answer\":\"Both groups showed significant improvements in receptive and productive vocabulary, and the difference in gains was not significant. The survey found higher agreement in the experimental group, suggesting students viewed DFs more favorably than PFs.\"}]","Comparing the Efficacy of Digital Flashcards Versus Paper Flashcards to Improve L2 Vocabulary - Research Paper | PDF",33]