[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-296807-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-296807-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","comparing-measured-pass-by-levels-of-accelerating-battery-electric-cars-and-combustion-engine-cars","Comparing Measured Pass-by Levels of Accelerating Battery Electric Cars and Combustion Engine Cars","","Road traffic noise affects many people, particularly near major routes in dense urban areas. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are generally assumed to be quieter than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), yet the magnitude and conditions of this difference remain uncertain. This study measured pass-by sound levels for nine BEV-ICEV comparable pairs using controlled accelerations and target speeds on a closed test track. Kinematics were captured via RTK GNSS and sound exposure levels with track-side microphones. Speed-acceleration-based models were then combined with real driving data to reflect urban behavior.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/comparing-measured-pass-by-levels-of-accelerating-battery-electric-cars-and-combustion-engine-cars/296807/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/comparing-measured-pass-by-levels-of-accelerating-battery-electric-cars-and-combustion-engine-cars/296807.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Kyle","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-08","2026-09-18",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",17,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"How were BEV and ICEV pass-by differences measured in this study?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Measurements were conducted on a closed test track using nine comparable BEV-ICEV pairs. Controlled runs used target speeds and accelerations, while microphones beside the track captured sound exposure and RTK GNSS recorded kinematics.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What data was used to evaluate acoustic effects under urban driving behavior?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Vehicle-specific pass-by level models were linked to a frequency distribution of speed and acceleration derived from driving data recorded in real traffic.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Under what conditions did BEVs show lower pass-by sound levels than ICEVs?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"On average, no level difference was found at constant speeds above 30 km/h. At low speed and high acceleration, BEVs showed about 5 dB lower levels, and the difference became negligible above 40 km/h.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},296807,1789737284,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":107,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":80,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},3985741905716,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","DOI: 10.61782/fa.2025.0227  \nCOMPARING MEASURED PASS-BY LEVELS OF ACCELERATING BATTERY ELECTRIC CARS AND COMBUSTION ENGINE CARS  \nAxel Heusser 1∗ Jonas Jggi 1 Miriam Elser 1 Sascha Grunder2 Reto Pieren 1  \n1 Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, D¨ubendorf, Switzerland  \n2 Touring Club Schweiz (TCS), Vernier, Switzerland  \nABSTRACT  \nRoad traffic is the noise source affecting most people, especially near major routes in densely populated areas. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) are presumed quieter than Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles (ICEV), but under which conditions and by how much is uncertain. To quantify the pass-by level differences between both propulsion concepts, measurements were conducted with nine pairs of comparable BEVs and ICEVs, where controlled runs with target speeds and accelerations were performed on a closed test track. Kinematics were measured by RTKGNSS and sound exposure levels were evaluated with microphones beside the track. This paper presents first results from these measurements. From the collected data, pass-by level models as functions of speed and acceleration were developed for each vehicle. In an attempt to assess the acoustical effects of urban driving behavior, these models were linked to a frequency distribution of speed and acceleration acquired from driving data recorded in real traffic. On average, no level difference between the propulsion concepts was found at constant speeds above 30 km/h. At low speed and high acceleration, BEVs exhibit 5 dB lower levels. This difference diminishes with increasing speed and decreasing acceleration, becoming negligible above 40 km/h.  \nKeywords: BEV, ICEV, pass-by level, acceleration, urban road traffic  \n*[Corresponding author](Corresponding author: axel.heusser@empa.ch)[: axel.heusser@empa.ch](Corresponding author: axel.heusser@empa.ch). Copyright: ©2025 Axel Heusser et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons At tribution 3. 0 Unported License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nAs stated in the latest EEA report on Europe’s air pollution [1], road traffic remains the primary noise source affecting the most people, with high prevalence in urban areas. Pass-by noise from passenger cars is commonly regarded as the sum of two major contributions: propulsion noise and tire noise [2, 3] . For passenger cars driving at constant speed, the cross-over speed above which the Aweighted tire noise level surpasses that of the propulsion can typically be found within the range 20–30 km/h [3] . It is expected that under acceleration, the combustion engine’s noise and consequently the described cross-over speed increase. Previous works [4, 5] have shown that accelerating battery electric vehicles (BEV) produce smaller LAF,max and LA,eq than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) . In this study, the A-weighted sound exposure levels LAE of BEVs and ICEVs are compared under real urban driving conditions. The required data was gathered in a measurement campaign of nine BEVs and nine ICEVs. The ICEVs were selected based on a matching algorithm to form comparable pairs with the BEVs. In the campaign, all vehicles completed run sequences with target speeds and accelerations on a closed track, equipped with sensors to monitor and record vehicle kinematics while passing by multiple microphones along the track. With the acoustic and kinematic data obtained, vehiclespecific pass-by level models were established that allow comparison between the individual cars within each pair and of the two propulsion systems by pooling the nine vehicles per system.  \nSec. 2 introduces the methodology. Sec. 3 outlines the measurement campaign. First results of this study arepresented in Sec. 4.  \n11th Convention of the European Acoustics Association  \nMlaga, Spain • 23rd – 26th June 2025 • ","cbCaigGfiMBD5V93","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigGfiMBD5V93","pdf",2089699,"English","# Methodology\n## Selection of Similar ICEVs\n## Driving Profiles","[{\"question\":\"How were BEV and ICEV pass-by differences measured in this study?\",\"answer\":\"Measurements were conducted on a closed test track using nine comparable BEV-ICEV pairs. Controlled runs used target speeds and accelerations, while microphones beside the track captured sound exposure and RTK GNSS recorded kinematics.\"},{\"question\":\"What data was used to evaluate acoustic effects under urban driving behavior?\",\"answer\":\"Vehicle-specific pass-by level models were linked to a frequency distribution of speed and acceleration derived from driving data recorded in real traffic.\"},{\"question\":\"Under what conditions did BEVs show lower pass-by sound levels than ICEVs?\",\"answer\":\"On average, no level difference was found at constant speeds above 30 km/h. At low speed and high acceleration, BEVs showed about 5 dB lower levels, and the difference became negligible above 40 km/h.\"}]","Comparing Measured Pass-by Levels of Accelerating Battery Electric Cars and Combustion Engine Cars | PDF",18]