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To evaluate AR-based 3D representation for abstract data visualization, two visualization methods for informational diagrams were developed and assessed: a conventional 2D mobile display and an AR approach embedding an image plane in a 3D immersive scene. A user study measured feasibility and usability, revealing complementary benefits: AR supports strong orientation and navigation, while 2D enables more precise manipulation and spatial flexibility.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/comparing-information-visualization-modalities-for-2d-diagrams-on-handheld-devices-for-industrial-augmented-reality-applications/657811/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/comparing-information-visualization-modalities-for-2d-diagrams-on-handheld-devices-for-industrial-augmented-reality-applications/657811.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Supernature","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-26",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What two visualization methods does the study compare?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"One method uses a conventional 2D representation on a mobile device screen. The other integrates AR by placing an image plane into a 3D immersive scene.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What advantages did the user study find for AR versus 2D?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"AR-based visualization provides strong overall orientation and navigation. The 2D visualization supports more precise manipulation and greater spatial flexibility.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why is the topic still considered worth further investigation?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"As mobile device users encounter AR more frequently and at increasingly younger ages, the potential value of AR for complex diagram visualization remains an open question.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},657811,1793136795,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":34,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962093270004,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Comparing Information Visualization Modalities for 2D Diagrams on Handheld Devices for Industrial Augmented Reality Applications  \nTim Brggemann* Linda Rudolph† Jack Klusmann‡ Towsif Zahin Khan§  \nTechnical University of Munich  \nFigure 1: The first visualization method (left) involves a conventional 2D representation on the screen of a mobile device, while the other (right) integrates Augmented Reality by placing an image plane in a 3D immersive scene.  \nABSTRACT  \nDespite leaving the Gartner Hype Cycle for emerging technologies in 2019, indicating the technology’s maturity, Augmented Reality (AR) still finds relatively few applications in modern industry. To investigate the value of AR-based 3D representation for abstract data visualization, we developed and evaluated two distinct visualization methods for presenting informational diagrams. One method involves a conventional 2D representation on the screen of a mobile device, while the other integrates AR by placing an image plane in a 3D immersive scene. Subsequently, we conducted a user study, in which we assessed the feasibility and usability of both approaches, showing that both methods offer distinct advantages. The AR-based visualization provides great overall orientation and navigation, while the 2D visualization offers more precise manipulation and spatial flexibility. As users of mobile devices encounter AR more frequently and at increasingly younger ages, this topic remains intriguing and warrants further investigation. Our work investigates whether an AR visualization of complex diagrams is advantageous over display-based representations due to the posterlike spatial anchoring.  \nIndex Terms: Information visualization, augmented reality, situated analytics.  \n1 INTRODUCTION  \nIn 1971, Spence and Drew [27] first elaborated on the new opportunities for industrial information visualization of electronic circuit designs following the technical advances of increasing computational speed and display resolution. What they accentuated specif-  \n* e-mail: [tim.brueggemann@tum.de](tim.brueggemann@tum.de), First Author  \n†e-mail: [linda.rudolph@tum.de](linda.rudolph@tum.de), Co-Corresponding Author ‡e-mail: [jack.klusmann@tum.de](jack.klusmann@tum.de), Co-Corresponding Author § e-mail: [towsifzahin.khan@tum.de](towsifzahin.khan@tum.de)  \nically was the interactive nature offered by such digital representations along with the capability for dynamic real-time data visualization [27] and manipulation [26] . Simultaneously, the invention of the first head-mounted display (HMD) by Ivan Sutherland in 1968 [29] sparked information visualization researchers’ interest in exploring the many possibilities of 3D data representationsand immersive environments such as Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR) .  \nAfter an era of ”unbridled enthusiasm” [21] in the late 1980sand early 1990s, fascination waned as subsequent user studies were unable to confirm the presumed superiority of 3D representations over traditional 2D representations [7] . Additionally, the pursuit of AR as a tool for abstract data visualization subsided due to the technological limitations at the time, especially insufficient tracking accuracy and uncomfortably heavy HMDs with a limited field of view [23] . Ever since, information visualization researchers have shifted their focus to flat 2D data visualization, primarily designed for desktop computers, and the general sentiment regarding spatially immersive technologies such as AR for abstract data visualization has shifted toward skepticism.  \nHowever, since its disappearance from the Gartner Hype Cycle for emerging technologies 1 in 2019, AR is increasingly being considered a ”matured technology”. And with the rise of Industry 4.0, the advancing digitization of data, and the progress of AR technologies – making AR accessible to the masses and easy to wear by introducing commodity immersive devices such as the Meta Quest 3 or Microsoft HoloLens and even advanci","cbCaio7WXWyNK6uC","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaio7WXWyNK6uC","pdf",9948509,"English","# Abstract\n# 1 Introduction\n## 1.1 Motivation and Potential Use Case","[{\"question\":\"What two visualization methods does the study compare?\",\"answer\":\"One method uses a conventional 2D representation on a mobile device screen. The other integrates AR by placing an image plane into a 3D immersive scene.\"},{\"question\":\"What advantages did the user study find for AR versus 2D?\",\"answer\":\"AR-based visualization provides strong overall orientation and navigation. The 2D visualization supports more precise manipulation and greater spatial flexibility.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is the topic still considered worth further investigation?\",\"answer\":\"As mobile device users encounter AR more frequently and at increasingly younger ages, the potential value of AR for complex diagram visualization remains an open question.\"}]","Comparing Information Visualization Modalities for 2D Diagrams on Handheld Devices for Industrial Augmented Reality Applications | PDF",1792990591,18]