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It surveys current progress in immunomodulator-loaded nanomedicines (PINs), covering preclinical development, clinical translation, and research funding. It categorizes diverse PIN designs and clarifies photo-responsive/activable plus immunomodulatory mechanisms. It also highlights translational and financial perspectives while addressing hurdles such as stability, toxicity, resistance, and limited light penetration.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/comparative-analysis-of-clinical-outcomes-and-financial-aspects-of-phototherapies-and-immunotherapy-for-cancer/369785/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/comparative-analysis-of-clinical-outcomes-and-financial-aspects-of-phototherapies-and-immunotherapy-for-cancer/369785.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Grenda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main purpose of this review?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It analyzes advances in photo-responsive/activable immunomodulator-loaded nanomedicines, linking preclinical progress, clinical translation, and research funding while explaining mechanisms and design strategies.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does phototherapy contribute to cancer treatment in this context?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Phototherapies such as PDT and PTT use near-infrared light-absorbing nanoparticles/dyes to selectively generate reactive oxygen species or heat in tumor cells or the tumor microenvironment.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What challenges are emphasized for translating these therapies clinically?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Key issues include nanomedicine stability, residual systemic toxicity, complex resistance in tumor microenvironments, limited NIR light penetration, incomplete clearance causing potential long-term toxicity, and difficulty treating metastatic tumors.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},369785,1791385625,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},7971474921005,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","REVIEW  \n[www.advancedscience.com](www.advancedscience.com)  \nComparative Analysis of Clinical Outcomes and Financial Aspects of Phototherapies and Immunotherapy for Cancer  \nDeepak S. Chauhan, Kun Shao, Roopa Hebbandi Nanjundappa, Daniel-Jiajun Yu, Marianne Stanford, Huile Gao,* and Channakeshava Sokke Umeshappa*  \nPhoto-responsive/activable nanomedicine-driven therapies have emerged as a transformative approach to effectively target and eliminate tumors across different types of solid cancers. When synergistically combined with immunomodulators, these therapies significantly enhance anti-cancer efficacy. This comprehensive review examines the current advancements in photo-responsive/activable immunomodulator-loaded nanomedicines (PINs), providing a detailed analysis of their preclinical development, clinical translation, and associated research funding. The diverse PINs are systematically categorized, innovative design strategies are explored, and the underlying photo-responsive/activable and immunomodulatory mechanisms are elucidated. By integrating clinical advancements with technical innovations and financial perspectives, this review bridges the translational gap, underscoring the immense potential of PINs to revolutionize cancer therapy. This comprehensive resource is indispensable for researchers striving to bring phototherapies to clinical fruition in the battle against cancer.  \ngreat promise in targeted drug delivery, reducing systemic toxicity, and enhancing patient outcomes. [2] However, despite these advancements, issues such as nanomedicine stability, residual systemic toxicity, and the complex resistance mechanisms within tumor microenvironments persist. These challenges emphasize the need for integrating nanomedicine with localized physical therapies, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), to overcome existing limitations and achieve more effective cancer treatment. [3]  \nRecent advancements have introduced transformative therapeutic approaches, such as PDT and PTT, to address the challenges associated with traditional cancer treatments. [4] Compared to traditional chemotherapy, PDT and PTT employ nearinfrared (NIR) light-absorbing nanoparticles and dyes to selectively generate reactive  \n1. Introduction  \nCancer remains one of the most pressing medical challengesand continues to be the second leading cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating need for innovative treatment strategies. [1] Over the last decade, the field of cancer nanomedicine has witnessed significant advancements aimed at improving therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. Nanomedicines, including liposomes and antibody-drug conjugates, have shown  \noxygen species (ROS) or heat within tumor cells or the tumor microenvironment upon exposure to light. PDT and PTT’s minimally invasive nature offers reduced recovery times, sparing healthy tissues from unwanted side effects seen with conventional treatments. However, considerations regarding the optimal design of PDT and PTT agents, limitations in NIR light penetration, potential long-term toxicity due to incomplete clearance, and challenges in treating metastatic tumors have driven the evolution of photo-responsive/activable  \nD. S. Chauhan, R. Hebbandi Nanjundappa, M. Stanford,  \nC. S. Umeshappa  \nDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology  \nDalhousie University Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada E-mail: [csumesha@dal.ca](csumesha@dal.ca)  \nD. S. Chauhan, C. S. Umeshappa Department of Pediatrics  \nThe ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article  \ncan be found under [https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202417657](https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202417657)[ ](https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202417657)© 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \nDOI","cbCaimsReh29jfqc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimsReh29jfqc","pdf",3885572,27,"English","# Introduction\n## Photo-responsive/activable nanomedicine-driven therapies\n## Synergy with immunomodulators and photo-immunotherapy\n## Key challenges and translational hurdles","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of this review?\",\"answer\":\"It analyzes advances in photo-responsive/activable immunomodulator-loaded nanomedicines, linking preclinical progress, clinical translation, and research funding while explaining mechanisms and design strategies.\"},{\"question\":\"How does phototherapy contribute to cancer treatment in this context?\",\"answer\":\"Phototherapies such as PDT and PTT use near-infrared light-absorbing nanoparticles/dyes to selectively generate reactive oxygen species or heat in tumor cells or the tumor microenvironment.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges are emphasized for translating these therapies clinically?\",\"answer\":\"Key issues include nanomedicine stability, residual systemic toxicity, complex resistance in tumor microenvironments, limited NIR light penetration, incomplete clearance causing potential long-term toxicity, and difficulty treating metastatic tumors.\"}]","Comparative Analysis of Clinical Outcomes and Financial Aspects of Phototherapies and Immunotherapy for Cancer | PDF",1790184535,68]