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Compares employer skill-survey approaches with psychometric test evidence, noting issues of representativeness and incomplete coverage. Reviews 17 surveys from the early 1970s to 2000, finding substantial growth since the 1980s, especially among larger organizations. Discusses test types, costs, reasons for adoption, and predictive validity evidence from psychology.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/companies-use-of-psychometric-testing-and-the-changing-demand-for-skills-a-review-of-the-literature/298073/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/companies-use-of-psychometric-testing-and-the-changing-demand-for-skills-a-review-of-the-literature/298073.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"\tCallum ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-18",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the main purpose of this review paper?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It reviews the literature on psychometric testing by employers and examines whether information from such tests can be used to infer changes in the demand for skills in the economy.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why might employer skill surveys be insufficient on their own?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Even well-designed employer surveys that use prompted questions may contain flaws, so other sources are needed to supplement, confirm, or challenge their findings.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How did the use of psychometric tests change over time according to the reviewed studies?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Across about 17 reviewed surveys from the early 1970s to 2000, test use grew substantially since the 1980s and became widespread, especially among larger organizations.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},298073,1789750380,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},137451211410,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2000bb0a9246f588df?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786362646172706240","Companies’ Use of Psychometric Testing and the Changing Demand for Skills:  \nA Review of the Literature  \nAndrew Jenkins  \nMay 2001  \nPublished by  \nCentre for the Economics of Education  \nLondon School of Economics and Political Science Houghton Street  \nLondon WC2A 2AE  \n© Andrew Jenkins, submitted February 2001  \nISBN 0 7530 1475 0  \nIndividual copy price: £5  \nThe Centre for the Economics of Education is an independent research centre funded by the Department of Education and Employment. The view expressed in this work are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Education and Employment. All errors and omissions remain the authors.  \nExecutive Summary  \nThis paper reviews the literature on psychometric testing by employers, and considers whether information on psychometric testing can be used to make deductions about changes in the demand for skills in the economy.  \nThe standard approach to measuring the demand for skills, and skill shortages, is to conduct a survey of employers. Among the main advantages of skill surveys are, firstly, that they are a direct and straightforward approach to answering questions about the extent of skill shortages and, secondly, that they can be designed to ensure that they give a representative picture of the economy as a whole. However, we argue that even the best of these surveys, which generally rely on the answers given by employers to a series of prompted questions, may contain flaws. It is then, important that other sources of information about changes in the demand for skills should be drawn on in order to supplement, confirm or challenge the findings from employer skill surveys. The psychometric tests which companies make use of when selecting among job applicants have the potential to provide us with information about the kind of skills which employers are really looking for. Because employers have to pay to use the tests, they may convey some reliable information about changes in the demand for skills. On the other hand, psychometric tests are not used by all companies or for all types of vacancy, which implies that information about skills derived from them may not be representative of the economy as a whole. Nonetheless, they do provide additional information to that available in skill surveys, and to date, this information has not been drawn on at all. Here we survey the evidence currently available on psychometric testing for selection.  \nIn order to build up a picture of changes in the extent of test use over time, some 17 surveys of test use, published between the early 1970s and 2000 were reviewed. Most of the studies were cross-sectional, and there was much variation in methodology, sampling frame and sample size, making it difficult to get precise estimates of the proportion of organisations using tests at any particular time. Nonetheless, it is clear that test use has grown substantially since the 1980s, and is now widespread, especially among larger organisations. Large organisations are far more likely to use tests than smaller organisations, because large organisations have more vacancies over which to spread the fixed costs of using tests, and are more likely to have a specialised human resources department familiar with and trained in  \ntesting practice. Tests are most likely to be used for managerial and graduate vacancies, and are seldom used for manual vacancies.  \nA wide range of tests are now available on the market. These include tests designed to measure general cognitive ability, tests of specific skills, personality questionnaires, and literacy and numeracy tests. There is currently very little information in published studies concerning which tests are most widely used, or details of the skills and attributes employers are attempting to measure when they make use of the tests.  \nThe costs of tests are substantial. This implies that employers are unlikely to be using them merely in order to follow a management fad,","cbCaikFT3MwsHaU7","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikFT3MwsHaU7","pdf",187293,62,"English","# Executive Summary\n## Measuring skill demand and survey limitations\n## Evidence from psychometric tests in selection\n## Trends in test use over time\n## Types of tests and evidence gaps\n## Costs and incentives for employers\n## Reasons for adoption and supporting research","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of this review paper?\",\"answer\":\"It reviews the literature on psychometric testing by employers and examines whether information from such tests can be used to infer changes in the demand for skills in the economy.\"},{\"question\":\"Why might employer skill surveys be insufficient on their own?\",\"answer\":\"Even well-designed employer surveys that use prompted questions may contain flaws, so other sources are needed to supplement, confirm, or challenge their findings.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the use of psychometric tests change over time according to the reviewed studies?\",\"answer\":\"Across about 17 reviewed surveys from the early 1970s to 2000, test use grew substantially since the 1980s and became widespread, especially among larger organizations.\"}]","Companies’ Use of Psychometric Testing and the Changing Demand for Skills - A Review of the Literature | PDF",156]