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The model computes momentum balance as well as ice-sheet thickness and temperature evolution, using a velocity solver based on a hierarchy of Stokes-flow approximations. It provides test cases, interfaces to third-party solver libraries, and physical parameterizations including basal sliding, iceberg calving, and sub-ice-shelf melting. Verification covers standard experiments and participation in initMIPGreenland, and integration into CESM 2.0 supports Greenland simulations across historical and future climates.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/community-ice-sheet-model-cism-v21-description-and-evaluation/202496/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/community-ice-sheet-model-cism-v21-description-and-evaluation/202496.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"McGucket","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-04",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What equations and processes does CISM v2.1 simulate?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"CISM v2.1 solves momentum balance and computes ice-sheet thickness and temperature evolution. It also includes physical parameterizations such as basal sliding, iceberg calving, and sub-ice-shelf melting.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does CISM v2.1 compute ice-sheet velocities?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Its velocity solver uses a hierarchy of Stokes-flow approximations, including shallow-shelf, depth-integrated higher-order, and full 3-D higher-order approaches.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How has CISM v2.1 been verified and applied?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The model has been verified using standard test problems, including ISMIPHOM higher-order experiments, and it participated in initMIPGreenland. It is integrated into CESM 2.0 for Greenland simulations under past, present, and future climates.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},202496,1788547458,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1236954412713,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Geosci. Model Dev., 12, 387–424, 2019  \n[https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-387-2019](https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-387-2019)[ ](https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-387-2019)© Author(s) 2019 . This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4 .0 License.  \nDescription and evaluation of the Community  \nIce Sheet Model (CISM) v2.1  \nWilliam H. Lipscomb 1,2 , Stephen F. Price 1 , Matthew J. Hoffman 1 , Gunter R. Leguy2 , Andrew R. Bennett3,4 , Sarah L. Bradley5 , Katherine J. Evans3 , Jeremy G. Fyke 1,6 , Joseph H. Kennedy3 , Mauro Perego7 , Douglas M. Ranken 1 , William J. Sacks2 , Andrew G. Salinger7 , Lauren J. Vargo 1,8 , and Patrick H. Worley3  \n1Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA  \n2 Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80305, USA  \n3 Computational Earth Sciences Group, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA  \n4University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA  \n5Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2600 AA, the Netherlands  \n6Associated Engineering Group, Ltd., Vernon, BC V1T 9P9, Canada  \n7 Center for Computing Research, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185, USA  \n8Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6140, New Zealand Correspondence: William H. Lipscomb ([lipscomb@ucar.edu](lipscomb@ucar.edu))  \nReceived: 18 June 2018 – Discussion started: 18 July 2018  \nRevised: 17 December 2018 – Accepted: 3 January 2019 – Published: 22 January 2019  \nAbstract. We describe and evaluate version 2 . 1 of the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM) . CISM is a parallel, 3-D thermomechanical model, written mainly in Fortran, that solves equations for the momentum balance and the thickness and temperature evolution of ice sheets. CISM's velocity solver incorporates a hierarchy of Stokes flow approximations, including shallow-shelf, depth-integrated higher order, and 3-D higher order. CISM also includes a suite of testcases, links to third-party solver libraries, and parameterizations of physical processes such as basal sliding, iceberg calving, and sub-ice-shelf melting. The model has been verified for standard test problems, including the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for Higher-Order Models (ISMIPHOM) experiments, and has participated in the initMIPGreenland initialization experiment. In multimillennial simulations with modern climate forcing on a 4 km grid, CISM reaches a steady state that is broadly consistent with observed flow patterns of the Greenland ice sheet. CISM has been integrated into version 2.0 of the Community Earth System Model, where it is being used for Greenland simulations under past, present, and future climates. The code is opensource with extensive documentation and remains under active development.  \n1 Introduction  \nAs mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets has accelerated (Shepherd et al., 2012 ; Church et al., 2013 ; Hanna et al., 2013 ; Shepherd et al., 2017), climate modelers have recognized the importance of dynamic ice sheet models (ISMs) for predicting future mass loss and sea level rise (Vizcaino, 2014) . Meanwhile, ISMs have become more accurate and complex in their representation of ice flow dynamics. Early ISMs used either the shallow-ice approximation (SIA; Hutter, 1983) or the shallow-shelf approximation (SSA; MacAyeal, 1989) . The SIA, which assumes that vertical shear stresses are dominant, is valid for slow-moving ice sheet interiors, whereas the SSA, which assumes that flow is dominated by lateral and longitudinal stresses in the horizontal plane, is valid for floating ice shelves. Neither approximation is valid for ice streams and outlet glaciers where both vertical shear and horizontal plane stresses are important. Advanced ISMs developed in recent years solve the Stokes equations or various higher-order approximations (Pattynet al., 2008 ; Schoof and Hindmarsh, 2010) . Among the models that solve Stokes or higher-order equations, or otherwise combine feat","cbCaiuZ5aGA6fQdg","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuZ5aGA6fQdg","pdf",3134585,38,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Background: ice-sheet modeling needs\n## Stokes and higher-order approaches\n# Model overview and evaluation focus","[{\"question\":\"What equations and processes does CISM v2.1 simulate?\",\"answer\":\"CISM v2.1 solves momentum balance and computes ice-sheet thickness and temperature evolution. It also includes physical parameterizations such as basal sliding, iceberg calving, and sub-ice-shelf melting.\"},{\"question\":\"How does CISM v2.1 compute ice-sheet velocities?\",\"answer\":\"Its velocity solver uses a hierarchy of Stokes-flow approximations, including shallow-shelf, depth-integrated higher-order, and full 3-D higher-order approaches.\"},{\"question\":\"How has CISM v2.1 been verified and applied?\",\"answer\":\"The model has been verified using standard test problems, including ISMIPHOM higher-order experiments, and it participated in initMIPGreenland. It is integrated into CESM 2.0 for Greenland simulations under past, present, and future climates.\"}]","Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM) v2.1 - Description and evaluation | PDF",96]