[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-120825-en":3,"doc-seo-120825-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},120825,16904993612988,"Olivia Brown","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd",8,"Research & Report","Common statistical concepts in the supervised Machine Learning arena","Machine learning relies on statistics as a foundation for its predictive models and for objectively assessing model performance. Because statistical scope in the ML pipeline is broad, this work concentrates on the core statistical concepts used in supervised machine learning, covering classification and regression, their interdependencies, and key limitations. The discussion is motivated by the growing availability of healthcare data and the need for robust, measurement-based evaluation of outcomes and decision logic.","UC Davis  \nUC Davis Previously Published Works  \nTitle  \nCommon statistical concepts in the supervised Machine Learning arena  \nPermalink  \n[https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8b9822cw](https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8b9822cw)  \nAuthors  \nRashidi, Hooman HAlbahra, Samer Robertson, Scott et al.  \nPublication Date  \n2023  \nDOI  \n10.3389/fonc.2023.1130229  \nPeer reviewed  \n[eScholarship.org](eScholarship.org) Powered by the California Digital Library  \nUniversity of California  \nTYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 14 February 2023 DOI 10.3389/fonc.2023.1130229  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nArvydas Laurinavicius, Vilnius University, Lithuania  \nREVIEWED BY  \nStanley Cohen,  \nRutgers, The State University of New Jersey, United States  \nWei Wei,  \nXi’an Polytechnic University, China  \n*CORRESPONDENCE Hooman H. Rashidi  \n [rashidh@ccf.org](rashidh@ccf.org)[ ](rashidh@ccf.org)Bo Hu  \n [hub@ccf.org](hub@ccf.org)  \nSPECIALTY SECTION  \nThis article was submitted to Molecular and Cellular Oncology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Oncology  \nRECEIVED 23 December 2022  \nACCEPTED 30 January 2023  \nPUBLISHED 14 February 2023  \nCITATION  \nRashidi HH, Albahra S, Robertson S, Tran NK and Hu B (2023) Common statistical concepts in the supervised Machine Learning arena.  \nFront. Oncol. 13:1130229 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1130229  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2023 Rashidi, Albahra, Robertson, Tranand Hu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nCommon statistical concepts in the supervised Machine Learning arena  \nHooman H. Rashidi 1,2*, Samer Albahra1,2, Scott Robertson 1,2, Nam K. Tran 3 and Bo Hu 2,4*  \n1 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute (PLMI), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States,  \n2 PLMI’s Center for Artificial Intelligence & Data Science, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States, 3 Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States,  \n4 Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States  \nOne of the core elements of Machine Learning (ML) is statistics and its embedded foundational rules and without its appropriate integration, ML as we know would not exist. Various aspects of ML platforms are based on statistical rules and most notably the end results of the ML model performance cannot be objectively assessed without appropriate statistical measurements. The scope of statistics within the ML realm is rather broad and cannot be adequately covered in a single review article. Therefore, here we will mainly focus on the common statistical concepts that pertain to supervised ML (i. e. classification and regression) along with their interdependencies and certain limitations.  \nKEYWORDS  \nMachine Learning, statistics, regression, classification, model evaluations, artificial intelligence  \n1 Introduction  \nMachine Learning (ML) is now starting to make a significant impact within the healthcare domain in light of rapid developments in computational technologies and the unprecedented growth of data within this space (1–5) . This massive amount of data requires enormous storage capacity and, more importantly, sophisticated methods to extract valuable information, for which the ML algorithms play a key role in.  \nML is under the umbrella of artificial intelligence and its foundation is based on the disciplines of statistics and computer science, enabling it to identify inferences and relationships from data through its computationally enhanced algorithms. ML algorithms can be divided into three major categories: (i) supervised learning; (ii) unsupervised learning","cbCaigJ3zUya4efx","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigJ3zUya4efx","pdf",1837713,1,15,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Supervised learning and labeled targets\n## Unsupervised learning and clustering\n## Reinforcement learning and sequential decision-making","[{\"question\":\"Why are statistical concepts central to supervised machine learning?\",\"answer\":\"Statistics provide foundational rules for ML and enable objective evaluation of model performance. Without appropriate statistical integration, ML outcomes cannot be assessed reliably.\"},{\"question\":\"How does supervised learning differ from unsupervised learning?\",\"answer\":\"Supervised learning uses labeled target variables to predict outputs from features. Unsupervised learning relies on unlabeled data to discover clusters or subgroups with similar patterns.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does reinforcement learning play in this context?\",\"answer\":\"Reinforcement learning uses sequential decision-making with trial-and-error learning to adapt actions toward rewards. It is not yet routinely used in healthcare but is expected to become more important.\"}]","Common statistical concepts in the supervised Machine Learning arena | PDF",1785732204,38,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"common-statistical-concepts-in-the-supervised-machine-learning-arena","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/common-statistical-concepts-in-the-supervised-machine-learning-arena/120825/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why are statistical concepts central to supervised machine learning?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Statistics provide foundational rules for ML and enable objective evaluation of model performance. Without appropriate statistical integration, ML outcomes cannot be assessed reliably.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does supervised learning differ from unsupervised learning?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Supervised learning uses labeled target variables to predict outputs from features. Unsupervised learning relies on unlabeled data to discover clusters or subgroups with similar patterns.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What role does reinforcement learning play in this context?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Reinforcement learning uses sequential decision-making with trial-and-error learning to adapt actions toward rewards. It is not yet routinely used in healthcare but is expected to become more important.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]