[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-133463-en":3,"doc-seo-133463-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},133463,8796096645457,"Arica Lee","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/800003749518d68ffe3?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779345340919836971",5,"Comic","Comics Beyond the Margins - Comics and Comix in the 1960s","This exhibit presents comics from UC Irvine Libraries’ collections, tracing how the medium empowered underrepresented voices through memoirs, imagined futures, and activism. It places comics within broader media history, from 19th-century mass print growth to the Golden Age and the Comics Code Authority. Special focus highlights the underground comix movement, its counterculture themes, creator diversity, and shifting self-identification language, with curated covers and explanatory context for readers.","StoriesofEmpowerment,Identity,andImagination  \nComics are a narrative medium with a long history as a platform for empowering underrepresented voices. Featuring comics from UC Irvine Libraries’ general collections, this exhibit highlights examples from the 1960s to the present day, covering wide-ranging themes—from memoirs to imagined futures and activism—and diverse modes of storytelling.  \nComics evolved alongside the global 19th-century boom in mass print media, and by the 20th century, they were a common feature of daily newspapers and an important medium in their own right. The Golden Age of Comics began with the launch of the first issue of Superman in 1938 and ended in the early 1950s, amidst inquiries from US government officials and accusations that comics were a cause of delinquent behavior among young people. In response, the Comics Magazine Association of America established the Comics Code Authority (CCA) to screen for “ethical” content.  \nUnderground comix (which used the letter x to distinguish themselves) emerged in the 1960s as a counterpoint to mainstream comics and distributors requiring the CCA Seal of Approval. Small and alternative presses were important outlets for comix and continue to be vehicles for independent voices. From heartbreaking memoirs to surreal, intergalactic tales, the underground comix and other comics featured in this exhibit showcase a wide range of stories, themes, and art styles.  \nThe acceptability of language that people and groups use to self-identify evolves over time. To provide historical context, this exhibit retains the language used at the time of publication.  \nThis exhibit includes content that may be sensitive to some viewers. Discretion is advised.  \nCurated by  \nMadelynn Dickerson and Scott Stone  \nDesigned by  \nAllan Helmick and Sylvia Irving  \nComics Beyond  \nthe Margins  \nComics and Comix  \nIn the 1960s, the underground comix movement emerged as an alternative to the mainstream comics adhering to the Comics Code Authority. Popular into the 1970s, underground comix (which used the x to distinguish themselves) were produced by small presses or self-published. Often featuring adult themes or counterculture topics, these comix could be satirical, sexually explicit, and violent. At the outset, the movement was dominated by male creators who were sometimes criticized for being racist and misogynistic. Women, however, also contributed to underground comix, such as the all-female Wimmen’s Comix published from 1972 to 1992.  \n1. “UNTITLED STRIP”  \n1986. In The Complete Calvin and Hobbes, vol. 1, by Bill Watterson, 2005.  \n[1] To read a typical comic, start at the top left of the page, and then move your eyes from left to right and down.  \n[2] The first panel of a comic often includes the title and author of the work.  \n[3] Individual frames, each containing a single scene or drawing, are called panels. These panels can vary in shape and size.  \n[4] Spoken dialogue (or unspoken thoughts) may appear in speech bubbles (also known as“word balloons”) of varying shapes and sizes.  \n[5] The empty space between panels is called a gutter, which can indicate the passage of time and leave room for the reader to use their imagination to fill in the story.  \n[6] Sometimes dialogue appears with no bubble or balloon.  \n[7] Comics often use onomatopoeia, or words that imitate sounds, to dramatic effect  \n2. “COMIX BOOK”  \nby Peter Poplaski, 1973. In Underground Classics: The Transformation of Comics into Comix, by James Danky and Denis Kitchen, 2009.  \nPeter Poplaski’s cover for Comix Book is a pointed depiction of the underground comix movement’s break with traditional comics.  \n3. “ZAP NO. 5”  \nby Robert Williams, 1970. In Hysteria in Remission: The Comix and Drawings of Robt. William , edited by Eric Reynolds, 2002.  \nFirst appearing in the 1960s, Zap Comix was a model for later underground comics. The artist, Robert Williams, was a driving force behind the genre, with his work shown in b","cbCaiml33NLjOdzy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiml33NLjOdzy","pdf",10259710,2,1,23,"English","en",105,"# Comics Beyond the Margins\n## Stories of empowerment, identity, and imagination\n## Comics Code Authority and the Golden Age\n## Underground comix and alternative presses\n## Language and historical context\n## Sensitivity notice\n## Selected covers and panels","[{\"question\":\"What historical forces shaped the evolution of comics covered in the exhibit?\",\"answer\":\"The exhibit links comics’ growth to mass print media expansion and later mainstream distribution, then describes the Golden Age era and the Comics Code Authority’s screening of “ethical” content.\"},{\"question\":\"How did underground comix differ from mainstream comics?\",\"answer\":\"Underground comix emerged in the 1960s as an alternative to CCA-compliant mainstream comics, often produced by small presses or self-published and commonly featuring adult themes, satire, and counterculture topics.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the exhibit retain language used at the time of publication?\",\"answer\":\"Because the acceptability of language for how groups self-identify changes over time, the exhibit keeps period wording to provide historical context for viewers.\"}]","Comics Beyond the Margins - Comics and Comix in the 1960s | PDF",1787220225,9,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":29},"comics-beyond-the-margins-comics-and-comix-in-the-1960s","",{"@graph":37,"@context":86},[38,54,69],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,48,51],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/comic/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/comics-beyond-the-margins-comics-and-comix-in-the-1960s/133463/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-24","2026-08-20",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What historical forces shaped the evolution of comics covered in the exhibit?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"The exhibit links comics’ growth to mass print media expansion and later mainstream distribution, then describes the Golden Age era and the Comics Code Authority’s screening of “ethical” content.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"How did underground comix differ from mainstream comics?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"Underground comix emerged in the 1960s as an alternative to CCA-compliant mainstream comics, often produced by small presses or self-published and commonly featuring adult themes, satire, and counterculture topics.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"Why does the exhibit retain language used at the time of publication?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"Because the acceptability of language for how groups self-identify changes over time, the exhibit keeps period wording to provide historical context for viewers.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,109,114,119,124,128,131,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},60,"comic",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":120,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":122,"slug":123},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":30,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]