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Key progress also includes combination therapies with other minimally invasive modalities, stimulus-responsive delivery, disease targeting, and greater activation depth. Although PDT remains largely focused on neoplasms, innovations increasingly extend to microbial, fungal, viral, acne, wet age-related macular degeneration, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, sanitization, pest control, and dermatology. Three combination value propositions are synergistic/additive efficacy, low resistance emergence, and high-precision targeting.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/combinations-of-photodynamic-therapy-with-other-minimally-invasive-therapeutic-technologies-against-cancer-and-microbial-infections/379046/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/combinations-of-photodynamic-therapy-with-other-minimally-invasive-therapeutic-technologies-against-cancer-and-microbial-infections/379046.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"WPS_1786070896","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-27","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the core mechanism of photodynamic therapy (PDT)?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Photosensitizers absorb light energy and transfer it to oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species, which cause cell death through apoptosis or necrosis. 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Combinations of Photodynamic Therapy with Other Minimally Invasive Therapeutic Technologies against Cancer and Microbial Infections. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10875. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms241310875](10.3390/ijms241310875)  \nAcademic Editor: Qian Peng  \nReceived: 11 April 2023  \nRevised: 27 June 2023  \nAccepted: 27 June 2023  \nPublished: 29 June 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nSchool of Chemistry and Physics, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa; [songcas@ukzn.ac.za](songcas@ukzn.ac.za)  \nAbstract: The rapid rise in research and development following the discovery of photodynamic therapy to establish novel photosensitizers and overcome the limitations of the technology soon after its clinical translation has given rise to a few significant milestones. These include several novel generations of photosensitizers, the widening of the scope of applications, leveraging of the offerings of nanotechnology for greater efficacy, selectivity for the disease over host tissue and cells, the advent of combination therapies with other similarly minimally invasive therapeutic technologies, the use of stimulus-responsive delivery and disease targeting, and greater penetration depth of the activation energy. Brought together, all these milestones have contributed to the significant enhancement of what is still arguably a novel technology. Yet the major applications of photodynamic therapy still remain firmly located in neoplasms, from where most of the new innovations appear to launch to other areas, such as microbial, fungal, viral, acne, wet age-related macular degeneration, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, environmental sanitization, pest control, and dermatology. Three main value propositions of combinations of photodynamic therapy include the synergistic and additive enhancement of efficacy, the relatively low emergence of resistance and its rapid development as a targeted and high-precision therapy. Combinations with established methods such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy and demonstrated applications in mop-up surgery promise to enhance these top three clinical tools. From published in vitro and preclinical studies, clinical trials and applications, and postclinical case studies, seven combinations with photodynamic therapy have become prominent research interests because they are potentially easily applied, showing enhanced efficacy, and are rapidly translating to the clinic. These include combinations with chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, magnetic hyperthermia, cold plasma therapy, sonodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. Photochemical internalization is a critical mechanism for some combinations.  \nKeywords: photodynamic therapy; sonodynamic therapy; photothermal hyperthermia; magnetic hyperthermia; anticancer; antimicrobial; combinations; nanomaterials chemotherapy; CAP; immunotherapy; radiotherapy  \n1. Introduction  \nSeveral compounds known as photosensitizers absorb light energy and transfer it to oxygen in the triplet ground state to produce reactive oxygen in the singlet excited state. Following this, a series of other reactive oxygen species are produced in biological media. Upon excitation with light energy, most of these compounds can also react directly with the biological cell membrane and cytoplasmic components, including monosaccharides, nucleic and amin","cbCairqlv1DxVfKP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairqlv1DxVfKP","pdf",2767293,26,"English","# Introduction\n## PDT mechanism and photosensitizers\n## Selective accumulation and need for improved delivery\n## Oxygen dependence and hypoxia as a limitation","[{\"question\":\"What is the core mechanism of photodynamic therapy (PDT)?\",\"answer\":\"Photosensitizers absorb light energy and transfer it to oxygen to generate reactive oxygen species, which cause cell death through apoptosis or necrosis. PDT effectiveness depends on targeted accumulation of the photosensitizer at the disease site.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is hypoxia considered a major limitation of PDT?\",\"answer\":\"The predominant type II PDT mechanism requires sufficient oxygen in the disease microenvironment. Hypoxia in cancerous tumors and bacterial/fungal infections reduces PDT performance.\"},{\"question\":\"What kinds of combination approaches are highlighted for PDT?\",\"answer\":\"The document emphasizes combinations that enhance efficacy and enable targeted, minimally invasive treatment. Prominent examples include PDT combined with chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, magnetic hyperthermia, cold plasma therapy, sonodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy.\"}]","Combinations of Photodynamic Therapy with Other Minimally Invasive Therapeutic Technologies against Cancer and Microbial Infections | PDF",1790233845,66]