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Multiple alternative analytical methods were applied to estimate coaching effects on SAT I: Reasoning scores. Results varied across methods, yet all estimates indicated coaching effects are far smaller than claims made by major commercial test preparation companies. The revised SAT I also showed no greater coachability than its predecessor.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/college-board-report-no-98-6-effects-of-coaching-on-sat-i-reasoning-scores/266569/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/college-board-report-no-98-6-effects-of-coaching-on-sat-i-reasoning-scores/266569.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Sophia Brooks","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-20","2026-09-14",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What data source does the report use to study coaching effects?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The report uses a College Board-sponsored survey of a nationally representative sample of 1995-96 SAT takers, creating a database covering more than 4,000 examinees.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the report estimate the effects of coaching?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It applies several alternative analytical methods to estimate coaching effects on SAT I: Reasoning scores, producing somewhat different estimates across approaches.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What conclusion does the report reach about coaching effectiveness?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Across analyses, the estimated effects of coaching are far smaller than claims made by major commercial test preparation companies, and the revised SAT I does not appear more coachable than the prior version.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},266569,1789409109,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},962084925636,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","| College Board Report No. 98-6 |\n| --- |\n|  |\n| Effects of Coaching on |\n| SAT® I: Reasoning Scores |\n\nDONALD E. POWERS and DONALD A. ROCK  \nDonald E. Powers is principal research scientist at Educational Testing Service.  \nDonald A. Rock is an educational consultant.  \nResearchers are encouraged to freely express their professional judgment. Therefore, points of view or opinions stated in College Board Reports do not necessarily represent official College Board position or policy.  \nFounded in 1900, the College Board is a not-for-profit educational association that supports academic preparation and transition to higher education for students around the world through the ongoing collaboration of its member schools, colleges, universities, educational systems and organizations.  \nIn all of its activities, the Board promotes equity through universal access to high standards of teaching and learning and sufficient financial resources so that every student has the opportunity to succeed in college and work.  \nThe College Board champions—by means of superior research; curricular development; assessment; guidance, placement, and admission information; professional development; forums; policy analysis; and public outreach— educational excellence for all students.  \nAdditional copies of this report may be obtained from College Board Publications, Box 886, New York, New York 10101-0886,(800) 323-7155. The price is $15. Please include $4 for postage and handling.  \nCopyright © 1998 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved. College Board, SAT, and the acorn logo are registered trademarks ofthe College Entrance Examination Board.  \nPrinted in the United States of America.  \nAcknowledgments  \nThe authors would like to acknowledge the contributions ofthe following people to the study reported here:  \nNancy Ervin for assistance in retrieving information from test score files;  \nLaura Jenkins for help in matching the PSAT/ NMSQT and SAT ® databases;  \nLaura Jerry for processing and analyzing the data;  \nRuth Yoder for help with several aspects of the study, including preparation of the final report;  \nLarry Stricker, Spence Swinton, and Stan Von Mayrhauser for helpful comments on an earlier draft; and  \nthe members of the Joint Staff Research and Development Committee for their support.  \nContents  \nAbstract............................................................... 1  \nEffects of Coaching on SAT® I: Reasoning Scores............................................. 1  \nMethod................................................................ 1  \nSample ................................................................ 1  \nData .................................................................... 2  \nData Analyses ..................................................... 2  \nAnalytical Models ............................................... 3  \nResults.................................................................6  \nCase Studies ........................................................ 6  \nScore Changes ..................................................... 7  \nWho Seeks Coaching? ......................................... 8  \nEstimates of Coaching Effects ........................... 11  \nDifferential Effects by Examinee Subgroups ..... 11  \nDiscussion.......................................................... 12  \nReferences.......................................................... 14  \nAppendix A ....................................................... 15  \nAppendix B ....................................................... 17  \nTables  \n1.“Case Histories” for 10 SAT I Takers................6  \n2. Mean Pre-SAT I, Post-SAT I, and Gain Scores for All Coached and Uncoached Examinees .......7  \n3. Demographic and Background Characteristics of Coached and Uncoached Examinees ..............8  \n4. Test Preparation and Test Reactions of Coached and Uncoached Examinees ..............9  \n5. Effects of Coaching (All Programs) Based on Alternative Models","cbCair5h2pnmYoWz","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCair5h2pnmYoWz","pdf",115657,21,"English","# Abstract\n# Effects of Coaching on SAT® I: Reasoning Scores\n## Method\n## Sample\n## Data\n## Data Analyses\n## Analytical Models\n## Results\n## Case Studies\n## Score Changes\n## Who Seeks Coaching?\n## Estimates of Coaching Effects\n## Differential Effects by Examinee Subgroups\n## Discussion\n## References\n## Appendix A\n## Appendix B","[{\"question\":\"What data source does the report use to study coaching effects?\",\"answer\":\"The report uses a College Board-sponsored survey of a nationally representative sample of 1995-96 SAT takers, creating a database covering more than 4,000 examinees.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report estimate the effects of coaching?\",\"answer\":\"It applies several alternative analytical methods to estimate coaching effects on SAT I: Reasoning scores, producing somewhat different estimates across approaches.\"},{\"question\":\"What conclusion does the report reach about coaching effectiveness?\",\"answer\":\"Across analyses, the estimated effects of coaching are far smaller than claims made by major commercial test preparation companies, and the revised SAT I does not appear more coachable than the prior version.\"}]","College Board Report No. 98-6 - Effects of Coaching on SAT I: Reasoning Scores | PDF",53]