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Quantitative results align with qualitative findings and membership trends, concluding that the indices are valid and practical for monitoring small groups in online courses.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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reach about the three indices?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"The study concludes that the three quantitative collaboration indices are valid and practical for monitoring and identifying potential problems in small groups in online courses.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},597573,1792869216,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & 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􀀑􀀌􀀃􀀋􀀋􀀁􀀄􀀂􀀆􀀃􀀅  \n􀀁􀀃􀀂􀀄􀀂􀀁􀀇􀀃􀀈􀀅􀀆 􀀅􀀆 􀀄􀀊􀀈􀀈􀀂􀀃􀀊􀀋􀀂􀀌􀀇􀀊􀀉 􀀉􀀈􀀎􀀋 􀀃􀀆􀀂􀀅􀀇􀀈􀀌􀀍􀀆􀀊􀀎􀀄􀀋 􀀁 􀀁􀀂 􀀊􀀋􀀉􀀂􀀆􀀄􀀇􀀃􀀌 􀀊􀀉􀀍􀀃􀀈􀀍􀀅􀀃􀀆􀀌􀀃􀀂􀀅􀀆 􀀃􀀄 􀀆􀀂􀀉􀀄􀀉􀀈 􀀃􀀇􀀅􀀊􀀆 􀀂􀀃 􀀂􀀆 􀀅􀀄􀀃􀀆􀀂  \n􀀌􀀑􀀜\"􀀞􀀞􀀚 􀀉􀀑􀀘􀀝􀀗􀀕 􀀄􀀍􀀊􀀓􀀇􀀏􀀐􀀊􀀑􀀔 􀀎􀀈 􀀂􀀏􀀊􀀑􀀊􀀐􀀉 􀀃􀀎􀀋􀀒􀀌􀀆􀀊􀀅  \n􀀁􀀃􀀆􀀇􀀅􀀂􀀄􀀇  \nThe purpose of this study is to test the validity and reliability of three collaboration indices (quantity, equality, and shareness) proposed by Jahng et al. (2010). The present study repeated the quantitative assessment of Jahng et al., and performed a further qualitative analysis to identify possible factors that might be associated with the results of the quantitative assessment. In addition, membership trends, in terms of communication connections in whole class discussions, were examined and compared with results from both the quantitative and qualitative assessments. The quantitative assessment results were consistent with those of the qualitative assessment and the membership trends. Therefore, the study concludes that the three quantitative collaboration indices are valid and practical to be used for monitoring and identifying potential problems in small groups in online courses.  \n􀀃􀀋􀀘􀀗􀀑􀀒􀀊􀀓􀀚 quantity, equality, shareness, interaction, quantitative, index  \n􀀁􀀃􀀅􀀆􀀄􀀃  \nCette recherche teste la validité et la fiabilité des trois indicateurs de collaboration (la quantité, l'égalité et le degré de partage) proposés par Jahng et al. (2010). La présente étude a répété  \nl'évaluation quantitative de Jahng et al., et a effectué de surcroît une analyse qualitative visant à identifier les facteurs pouvant être associés aux résultats de l'évaluation quantitative. En outre, les tendances de participation, déterminées par les rapports de communication au sein des discussions de classe, ont été examinées et comparées avec les résultats des évaluations quantitatives et qualitatives. Les résultats de l'évaluation quantitative correspondent à ceux del'évaluation qualitative et des tendances de participation. L’étude conclut donc que les trois indicateurs de collaboration quantitatifs sont valides et utiles pour diagnostiquer d’éventuels problèmes propres aux petits groupes dans les cours en ligne.  \n􀀅􀀑􀀔􀀓􀀛􀀉􀀏􀀌􀀓􀀚 quantité, égalité, degré de partage, interaction quantitative, indicateur  \n􀀃􀀄􀀅􀀇􀀞􀀆􀀃􀀂􀀇 􀀈􀀖􀀓􀀝 &, $  \n􀀁􀀅􀀈􀀇􀀆􀀃􀀉􀀂􀀈􀀄􀀆􀀅  \nThe instructor is a key factor influencing satisfying and genuine collaborative learning experiences in small groups of online courses (Maushak & Ou, 2007). Many researchers have emphasized the importance of the instructor’s active role in terms of carefully monitoring and evaluating collaboration processes to provide timely support and facilitation (Berge, 1995; Heuer & King, 2004; Kanuka, 2005; Palloff & Pratt, 1999) . However, there is a paucity of research that has dealt with the practical question of how to evaluate and identify problems during collaborative learning processes (Jahng, 2012) . The research reported in this paper aims to answer the question by employing a practical and feasible but reliable and valid method for examining collaboration processes.  \nThe research questions are:  \n1. How can group collaborations be assessed by quantitative indices of “quantity, equality, and shareness”(Jahng, Nielsen, & Chan, 2010)?  \n2. What are the specific hindering/facilitating factors for less/more collaborative groups as assessed by the quantitative indices?  \n3. How are the group membership trends, in terms of communication connections in whole class discussions, associated with less/more collaborative groups as assessed by the quantitative indices?  \n􀀄􀀎􀀔􀀋􀀒􀀈􀀔􀀕􀀒􀀋 􀀆􀀋􀀖􀀎􀀋􀀗  \n􀀏􀀕\"􀀕􀀑!􀀓􀀘 􀀍!􀀞􀀒􀀛􀀕􀀜 􀀑􀀝􀀔 􀀃􀀑􀀓􀀚􀀗!􀀞$􀀝􀀔  \nCollaborative learning in online courses has been examined through written communication in groups, as described in the literature (Garrison, Anderson, & Archer, 2000; Jahng, 2012) . Communication quantity is most frequently used to evaluate collaboration (Lipman, 1991; Solan & Linardopoulos, 2011; Wenger, 2001) . Researchers have regarded a","cbCainyHm67UoHRh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainyHm67UoHRh","pdf",427200,17,"English","# Research purpose and questions\n## Research purpose\n## Research questions\n# Background and rationale for collaboration assessment\n## Limits of quantity measures\n## Content analysis and instructor workload\n# Study approach and findings\n## Validity and reliability results\n## Associations with membership trends","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of this study?\",\"answer\":\"To test the validity and reliability of three collaboration indices (quantity, equality, and shareness) and to identify factors associated with quantitative results using additional qualitative analysis.\"},{\"question\":\"How do the researchers assess collaboration processes in online courses?\",\"answer\":\"By applying quantitative indices and comparing them with qualitative findings, and by examining membership trends through communication connections in whole-class discussions.\"},{\"question\":\"What conclusion does the study reach about the three indices?\",\"answer\":\"The study concludes that the three quantitative collaboration indices are valid and practical for monitoring and identifying potential problems in small groups in online courses.\"}]","Collaborative learning in online courses - A quantitative and qualitative study of collaboration indices | PDF",1792085270,43]