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Species counts were collected in multiple 0.5 m² quadrats at depths from 0 to 20 m across numerous sites. Despite limited sampled area, results totaled 130 species in 70 genera spanning Demospongiae and Calcarea, highlighting sponge importance while revealing strong habitat- and substratum-linked patterns in richness and regional diversity.",{"@graph":69,"@context":115},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/coastal-sponge-communities-of-the-west-indian-ocean-taxonomic-affinities-richness-and-diversity/182131/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/coastal-sponge-communities-of-the-west-indian-ocean-taxonomic-affinities-richness-and-diversity/182131.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"วิน","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-02",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How did habitat type influence sponge assemblages?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Substratum nature (habitat) strongly influenced both the number and composition of species. Soft-substratum assemblages were more dissimilar within and between habitats than hard-substratum assemblages, and coral reefs showed higher richness than caves.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":117,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":119,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":121,"site_id":62},182131,1788347286,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":124},{"doc_id":121,"user_id":125,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":126,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":127,"file_id":128,"file_url":129,"file_type":130,"file_size":131,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":132,"language":133,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":134,"faqs":135,"seo_title":136,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":122,"read_time":137,"preview_page_count":4},2336475104736,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c4c5e0e5b17e70?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786591360781797222","361   \n# Coastal sponge communities of the West Indian Ocean:taxonomic affinities,richness and diversity\n\nDavid K.A.Barnes1,2,*and James J.Bell³  \nDepartment ofZoology and Animal Ecology,University Colege Cork,Le Maltings,Cork,Ireland,²PRONTER,50-52 Rivington St.,London,EC2A3QP,UK(Society for Environmental Exploration),³schoolof Aplied Sciences,University of Glamorgan,Pontyprida.Rhondda Cynon Taff,Wales,CF371DL,UK  \nform a cline from the tropics to Southern Mozambique,linked by Madagascar.Substratum nature(habitat)wasmost important in influencing the suite and number ofspecies present.Sponge assemblages of soft substratawere much more dissimilar,both within and betweenhabitats,than those on hard substrata.There was a pre-dictable variability in species richness between hard sub-stratum habitats:coral reefs being speciose and cavesbeing less so.Our findings showed that both patternsand influences on species richness may be decoupledfrom those influencing diversity.In our data species rich-ness,but not diversity,showed striking regional andbathymetric trends.In addition,sponge species richnessmainly split at coral reef vs.non-reef habitats,whilstdiversity divided principally into assemblages on hardand soft substrata.We consider this dichotomy offindingsbetween species richness and diversity values to beimportant,as these are two principal measures used forthe interpretation of biodiversity  \n## Abstract\n\nSponges assemblages were sampled in four coastal studyregions(Malindi,Kenya;Quirimba Archipelago,north-ern Mozambique;Inhaca Island,Southern Mozambiqueand Anakao,Madagascar)in the west Indian Ocean.Sponge species were counted in multiple 0.5m²quadratsat depths of between 0 and 20m at a number of siteswithinlocalities withineach region.Despitetherelativelysmall areas sampled,sponge samples comprised a totalof130 species and 70genera ofthe classes Demospongiaeand Calcarea.Sponges are clearly a major taxon in theseregions in terms of numbers of species,percentage coveror biomass,although their ecology in the west IndianOcean is virtually unknown.Nearly half of the genera,  \ne.g.Iotrochota,found were species with a so-calledTethyan distribution.Most of the other genera were cos-mopolitan,e.g.Clathria,but some were cold water(Coelo-sphaera),Indo-Australian (Ianthella)or circum-African(Crambe).Many of the species encountered in the presentstudy occurred in at least two study regions,many inmore and could occupy large areas of substratum.Someof these,e.g.Xestospongia exigua,are commonly foundthroughout the Indo-west Pacific region where they alsooccupy much space.The endemicity of the shallow watersponge faunas in East Africa(20-25%)seem to be highwithin the Indo-Pacific realm but are lower than north-ern Papua New Guinea.The tropical regions(Kenya andNorthern Mozambique)were more speciose than subtro-pical regions(southern Mozambique and Madagascar)but not significantly more diverse (Shannon H').Although latitude was not a major influence on spongecommunity patterns,hard substratum assemblages did  \nKey words:sponge,diversity richness,zonation,Madagas-car,Mozambique  \n## Résumé\n\nOna récolté des assemblages depongesdans quatre zonesďétude cotieres(Malindi,Kenya;archipel de Quirimba,nord du Mozambique;ile d'Inhaca,sud du Mozambiqueet;Anakao,Madagascar)de la partie occidentale deIocean Indien.On a compté les especes déponges sur demultiples quadrats de 0.5m²,à des profondeurs allantdeOà20m,en de nombreuxendroits pourchaquerégionMalgré la surface relativement restreinte des échantil-lons,les prélevements comprenaient 130 especes et 70genres des classes Demospongiae et Calcarea.Leséponges sont à Ilévidence un taxon majeur dans cesregions en termes de nombre despeces,de pourcentagede couverture ou de biomasse,meme si leur écologie est  \n9818  \nàpeuprès inconnue dans Ilouest deloceanindien.Pres dela moitie des genres trouvés,ex.Iotrochota,étaient desespeces avec une distribution dite\"Téthienne\".Laplupartdes autres genres avaient une distrib","cbCaiuR4sDCNVI2i","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuR4sDCNVI2i","pdf",6483214,13,"English","# Abstract\n## Study regions and sampling\n## Species diversity and biogeographic patterns\n## Habitat and substratum effects","[{\"question\":\"How did habitat type influence sponge assemblages?\",\"answer\":\"Substratum nature (habitat) strongly influenced both the number and composition of species. Soft-substratum assemblages were more dissimilar within and between habitats than hard-substratum assemblages, and coral reefs showed higher richness than caves.\"}]","Coastal sponge communities of the West Indian Ocean - taxonomic affinities, richness and diversity | PDF",33]