[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-152297-en":3,"doc-seo-152297-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},152297,7971461740909,"Levi","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",8,"Research & Report","CMU Pose, Illumination, and Expression (PIE) Database - Terence Sim, Simon Baker, and Maan Bsat","A database of over 40,000 facial images was collected between October 2000 and December 2000 from 68 people to support face analysis under varying conditions. Each subject was imaged in 13 poses, under 43 illumination conditions, and with 4 expressions (neutral, smile, blink, and talk). The paper explains the imaging hardware in the CMU 3D Room, the flash system used for illumination augmentation, how the data are organized, potential uses, and how to obtain the database.","Appeared in the 2002 International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition  \nThe CMU Pose, Illumination, and Expression (PIE) Database  \nTerence Sim, Simon Baker, and Maan Bsat  \nThe Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213  \nAbstract  \nBetween October 2000 and December 2000 we collected a database of over 40,000 facial images of 68 people. Using the CMU 3D Room we imaged each person across 13 different poses, under 43 different illumination conditions, and with 4 different expressions. We call this database the CMU Pose, Illumination, and Expression (PIE) database. In this paper we describe the imaging hardware, the collection procedure, the organization of the database, several potential uses of the database, and how to obtain the database.  \n1 Introduction  \nPeople look very different depending on a number of factors. Perhaps the three most significant factors are: (1) the pose; i.e. the angle at which you look at them,(2) the illumination conditions at the time, and (3) their facial expression; i.e. whether or not they are smiling, etc. Although several other face databases exist with a large number of subjects [Philips et al., 1997], and with significant pose and illumination variation [Georghiades et al., 2000], we felt that there was still a need for a database consisting of a fairly large number of subjects, each imaged a large number of times, from several different poses, under significant illumination variation, and with a variety of facial expressions.  \nBetween October 2000 and December 2000 we collected such a database consisting of over 40,000 images of 68 subjects. (The total size of the database is about 40GB.) We call this database the CMU Pose, Illumination, and Expression (PIE) database. To obtain a wide variation across pose, we used 13 cameras in the CMU 3D Room [Kanade et al., 1998]. To obtain significant illumination variation we augmented the 3D Room with a “flash system” similar to the one constructed by Athinodoros Georghiades, Peter Belhumeur, and David Kriegman at Yale University [Georghiades et al., 2000]. We built a similar system with 21 flashes. Since we captured images with, and without, background lighting, we obtained 21 􀀂 2 + 1 = 43 different illumination conditions. Finally, we asked the subjects to pose with several different “expressions.” In particular, we asked them to give a neutral expression, to smile, to blink (i.e. shut their eyes), and to talk. These are probably the four most frequently occurring “expressions” in everyday life.  \nFigure 1: The setup in the CMU 3D Room [ Kanade et al., 1998] . The subject sits in a chair with his head in a fixed position. We used 13 Sony DXC 9000 (3 CCD, progressive scan) cameras with all gain and gamma correction turned off. We augmented the 3D Room with 21 Minolta 220X flashes controlled by an Advantech PCL-734 digital output board, duplicating the Yale “flash dome”used to capture the database in [Georghiades et al., 2000] .  \nCapturing images of every person under every possible combination of pose, illumination, and expression was not practical because of the huge amount of storage space required. The PIE database therefore consists of two major partitions, the first with pose and illumination variation, the second with pose and expression variation. There is no simultaneous variation in illumination and expression because it is more difficult to systematically vary the illumination while a person is exhibiting a dynamic expression.  \nIn the remainder of this paper we describe the capture hardware in the CMU 3D Room, the capture procedure, the organization of the database, several possible uses of the database, and how to obtain a copy of it.  \n2 Capture Apparatus and Procedure 2.1 Setup of the Cameras: Pose  \nObtaining images of a person from multiple poses requires either multiple cameras capturing images simultaneously, or multiple “shots” taken consecutively (or a combination of the two.) 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