[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-268597-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":81,"doc-detail-268597-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":74,"head_meta":76,"extra_data":78,"updated_unix":80},105,"en","clt-under-in-plane-loads-investigation-on-stress-distribution-and-creep","CLT under In-Plane Loads - Investigation on Stress Distribution and Creep","","The study investigates how cross-laminated timber (CLT) transfers a concentrated in-plane load introduced by anchorage of a prestressing tendon into a CLT panel. It focuses on load distribution behavior and the prerequisite creep response under in-plane compression. The work combines finite-element parameter studies to derive load distribution angles with mechanical tests to calibrate and verify the FE results. Key parameters include cross-layer proportion, bonding configuration, and material variability.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/clt-under-in-plane-loads-investigation-on-stress-distribution-and-creep/268597/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/clt-under-in-plane-loads-investigation-on-stress-distribution-and-creep/268597.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Ivy","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is vertical prestressing considered for CLT panels under horizontal loads?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Introducing vertical prestressing elements counterbalances vertical tension forces that would otherwise require many fasteners. This allows horizontal joints to mainly handle compression and shear, enabling simpler connections without additional fasteners.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How is the load distribution angle defined for a concentrated in-plane load?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The paper derives a calculated or measured total load-distribution width and then determines the angle to the point where 95% of the force is covered after truncating 5% of the integral. The angle corresponds to where the strain curve converges to zero beyond the selected width.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Which parameters most affect the load distribution width and angle?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Cross-layer proportion strongly influences the load distribution width. Narrow-face bonding increases the load distribution angle by smoothing the strain distribution, while Poisson ratio and varying material properties show only low influence; support rigidity and bonding configuration also matter.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},268597,1789432881,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":112,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":80,"read_time":109,"preview_page_count":4},549758252649,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000253669c5317157?_k=1778319167496531819","CLT under in‐plane loads: Investigation on stress dis‐ tribution and creep  \nMartin Gräfe, Philipp Dietsch and Stefan Winter Chair for Timber Structures and Building Construction Technical University of Munich  \nKeywords: cross‐laminated‐timber, prestressing, post‐tensioning, creep, in‐plane behaviour, load dis‐ tribution, shear  \n1 Background and objective  \nTall buildings need to bear high horizontal loads, particularly from wind and seismic loading. Apart from shear stresses, these loads are generating vertical forces in the bracing elements of such build‐ ings. In steel and concrete structures, vertical tension loads are transferred by reinforcement bars, prestressing tendons, or the steel structure itself. As timber structures feature a comparatively low self‐weight to counterbalance vertical tension forces and are typically made up of a relatively large number of single elements, a rather large quantity of fasteners such as screws or dowels is required to transfer the vertical tension forces.  \nThis led to the idea of introducing vertical prestressing elements in order to counterbalance these tension forces. With this system, the horizontal joints only have to bear compression and shear stresses, which are easier to handle and enable the use of e. g. form‐fitting connections without ad‐ ditional fasteners.  \nFor the application of this system, it needs to be clear how a concentrated in‐plane load introduced by the anchorage of a prestressing tendon into the CLT‐panel distributes downwards. In addition, the creep behaviour of CLT loaded under in‐plane compression loads is a prerequisite for the application of such systems. The objective of the project described in the following was to contribute answers to these two questions, based on experimental tests and parameter studies.  \n2 Load distribution in‐plane  \n2.1 Definition of the load distribution angle  \nA single in‐plane load on the narrow edge of an orthotropic plate distributes downwards in a nonlin‐ ear manner, governed by several material and geometric parameters. The bearing force on the bot‐ tom edge or any horizontal section is distributed in a bell‐shaped curve, whose integral over the hor‐ izontal length represents the single load applied on the top (Fig. 1 left) . For engineering applications (e. g. steel, concrete, masonry) it is widely accepted common practice, to assume a linear distribution over a certain horizontal length, which is normally defined by a fixed angle of load distribution for each material (e. g. 30° for (any type of) masonry, up to 45° for concrete or steel) . (Wallner‐Novak et al. 2018) recommend an angle of 25° for CLT with 33 % cross‐layer proportion, and indicates a range between 15° and 45° between 0 % and 100 % cross‐layer proportion.  \nThe approach presented in this paper uses a calculated, respectively measured total width of load distribution (until the strain curve converges to zero), then cuts off 5 % of the integral, and calculates  \nthe angle of load distribution to the point, at which 95 % of the force are covered (Fig. 1 left) . The width of the strain distribution was firstly calculated by an FE‐parameter study (Westermayr 2016), and subsequently verified by mechanical tests in a specialized test setup.  \nFigure 1 left: definition of the load distribution angle α, right: specimen placed in the test setup  \n2.2 Parameter Study  \nA parameter study was realized by means of a FE‐model to determine the influence of the parameters on the load distribution angle: narrow face bonding, cross layer proportion, variability of material properties, range of mechanical material parameters, the position of the load application and the height/width proportion of the CLT‐element. With the 3‐D model, the bearing force of each configu‐ ration was calculated and plotted on a diagram over the length of the linear support at the bottom edge. This enabled the calculation of the load distribution angle for each set of parameters.  \nThe model was a","cbCaimRQ11NVneG7","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimRQ11NVneG7","pdf",4229375,16,"English","# Background and objective\n# Load distribution in-plane\n## Definition of the load distribution angle\n## Parameter Study\n## Experimental investigation","[{\"question\":\"Why is vertical prestressing considered for CLT panels under horizontal loads?\",\"answer\":\"Introducing vertical prestressing elements counterbalances vertical tension forces that would otherwise require many fasteners. This allows horizontal joints to mainly handle compression and shear, enabling simpler connections without additional fasteners.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the load distribution angle defined for a concentrated in-plane load?\",\"answer\":\"The paper derives a calculated or measured total load-distribution width and then determines the angle to the point where 95% of the force is covered after truncating 5% of the integral. The angle corresponds to where the strain curve converges to zero beyond the selected width.\"},{\"question\":\"Which parameters most affect the load distribution width and angle?\",\"answer\":\"Cross-layer proportion strongly influences the load distribution width. Narrow-face bonding increases the load distribution angle by smoothing the strain distribution, while Poisson ratio and varying material properties show only low influence; support rigidity and bonding configuration also matter.\"}]","CLT under In-Plane Loads - Investigation on Stress Distribution and Creep | PDF"]