[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-109049-en":3,"doc-seo-109049-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},109049,13056703020460,"Valentina","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253dac470eee5d?_k=1778207105932848923",8,"Research & Report","Closing the Gap: Gender, Transport, and Employment in Mumbai - Policy Note 2021","Closing the Gap: Gender, Transport, and Employment in Mumbai presents evidence on how mobility constraints shape women’s access to work opportunities in Mumbai. The policy note analyzes gender differences in mobility patterns, examines the effect on women’s labor force participation, and identifies contributors to women’s likelihood of joining the labor force. Using results from a 2019 survey, it also highlights a “Pink Tax” on women’s mobility, linking transport connectivity and employment outcomes to actionable policy directions.","1  \nTHE GAP: GENDER, TRANSPORT, AND EMPLOYMENT MUMBAI  \nPublic Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized  \nMOBILITY AND TRANSPORT CONNECTIVITY SERIES  \nCLOSING THE GAP: GENDER, TRANSPORT, AND EMPLOYMENT IN MUMBAI  \nPolicy Note 2021  \nPub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized  \n© 2021 The World Bank  \n1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433  \nTelephone: 202-473-1000; [Internet: ](Internet: www.worldbank.org)[www.worldbank.org](Internet: www.worldbank.org)  \nRights and Permissions  \nThe material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given.  \nAttribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2021. Closing the Gap: Gender, Transport, and Employment in Mumbai. © World Bank.”  \nDisclaimer—This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.  \nAll queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522- 2625; e-mail: [pubrights@worldbank.org](pubrights@worldbank.org).  \nCover photo credits: Nielsen (India) Private Limited  \nCLOSING THE GAP: GENDER, TRANSPORT, AND EMPLOYMENT IN MUMBAI  \nContents  \nAcknowledgements..........................................................................................................................................................................................................4  \nForeword................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5  \nSummary................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6  \nGender Differences in Mobility Patterns ......................................................................................................................................................... 7  \nEffect on Women’s Labor Force Participation ................................................................................................................................................ 9  \nBackground and Motivation ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 10  \nThe Survey ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14  \nResults ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 17  \nGender Differences in Mobility Patterns ..................................................................................................................................................... 18  \nThe “Pink Tax” on Women’s Mobility ...................................................................................","cbCaibdbf6eT5Am8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibdbf6eT5Am8","pdf",6204292,6,1,29,"English","en",105,"# Contents\n## Acknowledgements\n## Foreword\n## Summary\n## Gender Differences in Mobility Patterns\n## Effect on Women’s Labor Force Participation\n## Background and Motivation\n## The Survey\n## Results\n## The “Pink Tax” on Women’s Mobility\n## Factors Determining Women’s Likelihood of Joining the Labor Force\n## Conclusion\n## References","[{\"question\":\"What topics does the policy note cover about gender and mobility in Mumbai?\",\"answer\":\"It analyzes gender differences in mobility patterns and discusses how mobility constraints affect women’s access to employment-related opportunities in Mumbai.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the note link transport and women’s labor force participation?\",\"answer\":\"It examines the effect of mobility on women’s labor force participation and evaluates factors determining women’s likelihood of joining the labor force.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the “Pink Tax” on women’s mobility mentioned in the report?\",\"answer\":\"The note includes a dedicated section on the “Pink Tax” on women’s mobility, presenting findings related to gender-specific costs or barriers within mobility patterns.\"}]",1784476129,73,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":28},"closing-the-gap-gender-transport-and-employment-in-mumbai-policy-note-2021","",{"@graph":36,"@context":86},[37,54,69],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/closing-the-gap-gender-transport-and-employment-in-mumbai-policy-note-2021/109049/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-02","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What topics does the policy note cover about gender and mobility in Mumbai?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"It analyzes gender differences in mobility patterns and discusses how mobility constraints affect women’s access to employment-related opportunities in Mumbai.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"How does the note link transport and women’s labor force participation?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"It examines the effect of mobility on women’s labor force participation and evaluates factors determining women’s likelihood of joining the labor force.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"What is the “Pink Tax” on women’s mobility mentioned in the report?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"The note includes a dedicated section on the “Pink Tax” on women’s mobility, presenting findings related to gender-specific costs or barriers within mobility patterns.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,111,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]