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Methods: Fourth-year students received CAL, SIM, CAL+SIM, or lectures and were assessed with task-based pre/post confidence scoring and subsequent OSCE skill testing. Results: Practical exposure improved cumulative CONF, and videos improved OSCE pass rates; CAL+SIM showed highest odds for confident/very confident and OSCE passing. Conclusions: Best preparation blends simulator videos with practical training.",{"@graph":14,"@context":71},[15,34,54],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/clinical-year-veterinary-students-are-most-likely-to-be-confident-and-competent-in-calving-procedures-after-blending-simulator-practicals-with-videos/418888/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":48,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":49,"interactionStatistic":50},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/clinical-year-veterinary-students-are-most-likely-to-be-confident-and-competent-in-calving-procedures-after-blending-simulator-practicals-with-videos/418888.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Fahsai","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":51,"interactionType":52,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":53},"ViewAction",{"@type":55,"mainEntity":56},"FAQPage",[57,63,67],{"name":58,"@type":59,"acceptedAnswer":60},"What learning methods were compared in the study?","Question",{"text":61,"@type":62},"Fourth-year veterinary students were assigned to lectures (LEC), computer-assisted learning videos (CAL), a high-fidelity simulator practical (SIM), or a blend of CAL and SIM (CAL&SIM).","Answer",{"name":64,"@type":59,"acceptedAnswer":65},"How were student confidence and competence measured?",{"text":66,"@type":62},"Students rated confidence in 13 individual calving tasks before and after teaching, then underwent skill testing via internal or external/peer/technical OSCE assessors for competence.",{"name":68,"@type":59,"acceptedAnswer":69},"Which training approach produced the best overall outcomes?",{"text":70,"@type":62},"Blending CAL with SIM produced the highest odds of being “confident/very confident” and passing the OSCE, with smaller positive effects on competence noted for experience and baseline confidence.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":73,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":75,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":77,"site_id":7},418888,1790614770,{"code":4,"msg":80,"data":81},"success",{"doc_id":77,"user_id":82,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":83,"doc_module":4,"category_id":84,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":85,"file_id":86,"file_url":87,"file_type":88,"file_size":89,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":90,"language":91,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":92,"faqs":93,"seo_title":94,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":78,"read_time":95},549768702563,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/8000c4aa63b76e948b?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786536092046926083",8,"DOI: 10.1002/vetr.5774  \nORIGINAL RESEAR CH  \nClinical-year veterinary students are most likely to be confident and competent in calving procedures after blending simulator practicals with videos  \nJayne Orr 1   Robert F. Kelly2   Monika Mihm Carmichael 1   \n1 Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK  \n2Division of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, Midlothian, UK  \nCorrespondence  \nJayne Orr, Scottish Centre for Production Animal Health and Food Safety, School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.  \nEmail: [Jayne.orr@glasgow.ac.uk](Jayne.orr@glasgow.ac.uk)  \nFunding information  \nMasters of Veterinary Education for JO  \nAbstract  \nBackground: Veterinary students require safer practice of calving scenarios; however, the effects ofa high-fidelity calving simulator (SIM) practical and/or videos (computer-assisted learning [CAL]) on student calving confidence (CONF) and competence (COMP) are unknown.  \nMethods: Fourth-year veterinary students received no teaching beyond previous lectures (LEC, n = 60), CAL ( n = 59), SIM ( n = 96) or CAL&SIM ( n = 85) . Students scored their CONF in 13 individual calving tasks before and after teaching delivery and were subsequently skill tested by internal (faculty) or external/peer/technical OSCE (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) assessors (non-faculty) .  \nResults: Higher cumulative CONF scores required practical exposure (SIM 42.3 [95% confidence interval, CI 40.9–43.8], CAL&SIM 44.3 [95% CI 42.8–45.7] vs. LEC 33.3 [95% CI 31.2–35.5] and CAL 35.4 [95% CI 33.5–37.4]; p \u003C 0.05), while videos already improved the OSCE pass rate (CAL 73%, SIM 84%, CAL&SIM 87% vs. LEC 40%; p \u003C 0.05) .  \nBlending CAL&SIM achieved the highest odds of students being ‘confi dent/very confident’ (odds ratio [OR] 18.5, p \u003C 0.001) and passing the OSCE (OR 11.8, p \u003C 0.001) with smaller positive effects of experience and baseline confidence on CONF or non-faculty assessors on COMP (OR 2‒4, p \u003C 0.01) . Limitations: Benefits of improved student CONF and COMP in real-life calving scenarios are likely but unknown.  \nConclusions: Best preparation for managing calving scenarios is blending simulator videos with the practical.  \nKEYWORDS  \nblended learning, calving, cow, simulator, student, veterinary  \nINTRODUCTION  \nNew graduates in farm animal practice are expected to attend an out-of-hour call to calve a cow with no immediate support, and pressure for a successful outcome. However, only 19% of graduates indicated that they could execute a delivery, and it took the new graduates 10 months to execute obstetrics without supervision.1 The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS), along with many other veterinary programme accrediting bodies, describes attending an animal inan emergency as a DayOne (graduate) competence,2–5  \nand farm animal practitioners in the UK also regard‘assessing an obstetrical problem’ and ‘using a calving jack to deliver a calf’ as important skills.6 Clearly, thereis a mismatch between what is expected from new graduates by practitioners, and what competences in bovine obstetrics graduates are equipped with. Thus, research into the optimum way to teach calving skills is needed.  \nWhile skill acquisition leading to competence is crucial, the appropriate level of confidence required by a student or new graduate to carry out a calving has not yet been established. Confidence is a judgement  \nThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \n© 2025 The Author(s) . Veterinary Record published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Veterinary Association.  \nthat influences whether an individual is willing (or not) to undert","cbCaihKEHECXeoMc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihKEHECXeoMc","pdf",708056,10,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Introduction\n## Training gap for new graduates\n## Confidence and competence\n## Current teaching approaches and simulators\n## Rationale for blended learning","[{\"question\":\"What learning methods were compared in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Fourth-year veterinary students were assigned to lectures (LEC), computer-assisted learning videos (CAL), a high-fidelity simulator practical (SIM), or a blend of CAL and SIM (CAL\\u0026SIM).\"},{\"question\":\"How were student confidence and competence measured?\",\"answer\":\"Students rated confidence in 13 individual calving tasks before and after teaching, then underwent skill testing via internal or external/peer/technical OSCE assessors for competence.\"},{\"question\":\"Which training approach produced the best overall outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"Blending CAL with SIM produced the highest odds of being “confident/very confident” and passing the OSCE, with smaller positive effects on competence noted for experience and baseline confidence.\"}]","Clinical-year veterinary students are most likely to be confident and competent in calving procedures after blending simulator practicals with videos | PDF",25,{"code":4,"msg":80,"data":97},[98,102,106,110,115,120,125,128,133,136,139],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":121,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":122,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":124},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":84,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},30,"research-report",{"id":129,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":132},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":135},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":90,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":138},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":140,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":141,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":142},19,"General","general"]